Classical Chinese and classical Chinese

(1) Long time ago; ancient - used to refer to things that have existed since a long time ago.

Ancient, long-lasting - "Jade Pian"

The place that is not ancient - "Poetry Bei Feng Sun and Moon"

The ancient saying is the style - "Poetry·Daya·Hao Min"

The present is the same as the past - "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period·Long View"

Withered vines and old trees, dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people's houses, ancient roads The thin horse in the west wind - Yuan Dynasty Ma Zhiyuan's "Tian Jing Sha·Autumn Thoughts"

The sage is named Gu Miao, and the traveling disease invades every year - Tang Dynasty Du Mu's "The Windy Boat on the Pillow and the Book with Thirty-six Rhymes of Flattery" Relatives and Friends in Southern Hunan"

(2) Another example: ancient civilization; ancient dynasty; ancient castle (ancient castle on the frontier; fortress); ancient ferry (ancient ferry); ancient beginning (ancient times); ancient rituals (ancient times) etiquette of the time).

(3) Simple. Such as: Gumu (simple and solemn); Guqiao (simple and solemn; simple and vigorous); Gujian (simple and vigorous); Guchang (simple and ordinary).

(4) Strange, unusual; stubborn.

(5) Another example: Guzhi (stubborn. Old-fashioned and stubborn); antique (dialect. Metaphor for a stubborn and conservative person); Guse (descriptive of ancient and difficult to read sentences).

(6) Old, original.

The ancient method of collecting herbal medicines is mostly used in February and August, which is not appropriate--Song Dynasty Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan"

A good man only loves the ancient times, and it is in vain to benefit from the past. -- "Nineteen Ancient Poems" 3. There is also an idiom for the person who is in the mood

There is also an idiom for the person who is in the mood: It is the person in it

The person who is in the mood is also [ zhī hū zhě yě ]

Definition

Zhi, Hu, Zhe are also commonly used function words in classical Chinese. The four-character concatenation is often used to describe speaking, writing, and writing.

Source

"Dunhuang Lingshi·Sigh Five Updates": "No one knows it; now I sigh and start to moan."

Example sentences

"The Scholars" by Wu Jingzi of the Qing Dynasty: "A businessman will feel disgusted if he only sees these '~' people talking nonsense."

Synonyms

It’s true that it’s just words and words

Antonyms

Is it true? 4. Poetry and ancient prose, what is classical Chinese

The original meaning of "ancient poetry" is poetry written by ancient people. Around the end of the Wei Dynasty and the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, a batch of five-character poems written by literati before the Wei and Jin Dynasties circulated. They have no titles and no authors. Most of them are lyric poems with unique expression techniques and artistic styles, and are collectively called "ancient poems". Shen Deqian of the Qing Dynasty said: "Nineteen ancient poems are not necessarily written by one person, but were written at one time. They drove away ministers and abandoned their wives, had many friends, wandered in a foreign land, and felt a new connection between life and death. Some are allegories, some are explicit, some are repeated. . At first, there were no strange ideas or thrilling sentences, but the ancient poems of Xijing were all inferior to them." ("Shuo Shi □ Yu") In the Jin and Song Dynasties, these "ancient poems" were regarded as a model of five-character poetry. Lu Ji of the Western Jin Dynasty imitated 12 of them line by line. Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Bao Zhao of the Song Dynasty, etc. all had "Ancient Poetry" to study the techniques and styles of "ancient poetry". By the Liang Dynasty, Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" and Zhong Rong's "Shi Pin" theoretically summarized and commented on the artistic characteristics and value of "ancient poems", explored their authors, eras and origins, and generally determined that they were from the Han Dynasty work. At the same time, Xiao Tong's "Selected Works" and Xu Ling's "New Odes of Yutai" of the Chen Dynasty determined the scope of "ancient poetry" in terms of poetry classification: any work without a clear title is called "miscellaneous poetry" if it has an author, and "miscellaneous poetry" if it is unknown. "Ancient Poetry". Therefore, after Liang and Chen, "ancient poetry" has formed a special category name with a specific meaning. It is also known as the Yuefu Song Ci of the Han Dynasty. It specifically refers to the five-character poems written by unknown people in the Han Dynasty, and has developed into a poetic style that has the artistic characteristics of "ancient poetry" in general.

"Nineteen Ancient Poems" occupies the status of a representative work of "ancient poetry" in the history of literature, and this title has become a special title.

The ancient poetry style before the Tang Dynasty was a style of poetry that did not pay attention to meter and had no limit on the number of words and sentences. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the emergence of modern poetry, poets deliberately imitated the writing methods of ancient poetry in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties in order to distinguish ancient poetry from the emerging metrical poetry, and restricted it in certain aspects, thus forming a fixed pattern of ancient poetry in the Tang Dynasty. The result is that the completely free poetic style before the Tang Dynasty was transformed into a semi-free verse between metrical poetry and free verse.

The number of words and lines of ancient poetry:

There are no fixed lines or fixed styles in ancient poetry. All ancient poems are classified according to the number of words in the verses. Those with four characters and one sentence are called four-character ancient poems, referred to as Sigu; those with five characters and one sentence are called five-character ancient poems, referred to as Wugu; those with seven characters and one sentence are called seven-character ancient poems, referred to as Qigu. Four-character poetry has been used by people as far back as the era of The Book of Songs. But it gradually declined in the Tang Dynasty, and few people wrote about it. Therefore, ancient poetry is still represented by five-character and seven-character poems.

Five-character ancient poetry is the orthodox form of ancient poetry and has been written by many people.

Seven-character ancient poetry is not the mainstream of ancient poetry. This is because it originated relatively late. Therefore, the seven-character style is greatly influenced by the seven-character modern poetry.

Five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems are both ancient-style poems with a neat number of words. There is also a type of ancient poetry with miscellaneous words, in which the number of words in the lines is mixed and uneven.

In terms of time, it refers to Chinese poetry before the Opium War in 1840; in terms of rhythm, ancient poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Ci was invented by people in the Song Dynasty, and is also called long and short sentences. Ancient style poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style poetry; modern style poetry is also called modern style poetry.

Ancient poetry

Ancient poetry is written according to the ancient poetry style. In the eyes of the Tang people, everything from the Book of Songs to Yu Xin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties is considered ancient. Therefore, there is no certain standard for the so-called ancient poetry style. However, the ancient poetry written by poets has one thing in common, that is, it is not bound by the rhythm of modern poetry. A type of metrical poetry that began to form in the early Tang Dynasty and had strict regulations on the number of words, rhymes, and antitheses is what we call modern poetry. Modern poetry is relative to ancient poetry. Poets in the Tang Dynasty and later still wrote ancient poetry. We can say. Any poetry that is not bound by modern rhythm is ancient style poetry. Ancient poetry is divided into four-character ancient poetry, five-character ancient poetry, and seven-character ancient poetry. Modern poetry is divided into quatrains and rhymed poetry.

Modern poetry

Modern poetry is divided into verses and quatrains. The difference between rhymed poetry and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are four lines in quatrains and eight lines in verses. There are eight lines in the rhythmic poem. The first and second lines are the first couplet, the third and fourth lines are the jaw couplet, the fifth and sixth lines are the neck couplet, and the seventh and eighth lines are the last couplet. Quatrains are also called "cut sentences". The quatrains may or may not contrast, but the mandibular couplets and neck couplets of the rhymed poems must confront each other. Both the rhymed poems and the quatrains have equal requirements. Rhymed poems with more than eight lines are called arranged verses. 5. There are several explanations for the word "ye" in classical Chinese.

Classical Chinese is the most basic form of written language used in ancient Chinese documents.

Its main characteristics include the following aspects: 1. Separation of words and phrases. Linguistic research believes that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language. The two influence and promote each other, and they are very closely related.

Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language, but as time went by, classical Chinese gradually distanced itself from the spoken language of later generations. From the Han and Wei dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, due to official promotion and the need for imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, advocating for elegance.

In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language people actually use orally is getting wider and wider, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text. 2. It remains unchanged for a long time.

Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down and used from generation to generation, and its linguistic components remained basically unchanged.

For example, some basic sentence patterns and the usage of commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period have been preserved in the classical Chinese of the past dynasties. Even the most active words among the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: some ancient words have The meaning has long since disappeared in spoken language, but it is still used in classical Chinese.

Although people in later generations will inevitably incorporate some of the spoken language of the time into their imitations, thus bringing some subtle changes to classical Chinese, but overall, classical Chinese still basically maintains its vocabulary system and grammatical system. The original appearance. 3. The writing should be concise.

Most of the important classics in ancient my country were written in classical Chinese, and many of these immortal works have always been known for their simplicity and conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, monosyllabic words are dominant in classical Chinese, and there are relatively few disyllabic and multi-syllable words; second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates, and prepositions. .

In addition, famous writers in the past dynasties paid much attention to refining language and emphasized "small words and big meanings", so a strict and concise style of classical Chinese was formed. 4. It is ancient and difficult to understand.

As time goes by, classical Chinese that is separated from spoken language has become more and more difficult to understand. Weird sentences, uncommon and ancient words, and many unfamiliar names, rules, and systems... all these become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners.

Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks that literati and scholars have been diligently pursuing. In the long historical process, classical Chinese has played an important role.

It was classical Chinese that unified our multi-ethnic country with a vast territory and complex dialects in the written language. As a common form of written language throughout the dynasties, classical Chinese records the thousands of years of splendid civilization of ancient China.

Classical Chinese is a huge treasure house. The long culture of the Chinese nation has been passed down, and classical Chinese has played an indispensable role.

However, on the other hand, classical Chinese also has very serious flaws, which have also caused some negative effects in history. This can be seen from the fierce criticism of classical Chinese during the May Fourth Movement: one of the shortcomings of classical Chinese is that it is not conducive to the popularization of literature and education.

Because classical Chinese is far from the language actually used by people, learning and using classical Chinese has become the "patent" of a few scholars. This also contributed to the ignorance and backwardness of old China to a certain extent. Lu Xun said in "Qiejieting Essays: The Rebirth of Chinese Language": "The so-called Chinese characters and Chinese characters in China are no longer the property of everyone in China."

The second flaw of classical Chinese—— It is not conducive to the free expression of ideas. "Words are the voice of the heart", language is the most important thinking tool for human beings.

However, it is very difficult to think about classical Chinese as an "internal language". What's more, rigid writing also seriously constrains people's thoughts. Mr. Ye Shengtao once wrote an article during the May 4th period: "The main reason for the difficulty of learning Chinese characters is the difference in language.

When Fang was writing, he first searched for materials and compiled them into sequence. Thinking and speaking are consistent, but if you want to put pen to paper, you must translate it into classical Chinese, so what you write by hand is not what you think in your heart, and the process of translation is very laborious. ” 6. Characteristics of ancient classical Chinese writing

Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin period. The first "文" means beautiful. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.

1. Separation of words and phrases. Linguistic research believes that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language. The two influence and promote each other, and they are very closely related. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language, but with the passage of time, classical Chinese gradually distanced itself from the spoken language of later generations. From the Han and Wei dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official promotion and the need for imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, and regarded elegance as the norm.

In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the actual language used by people is getting wider and wider, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of speech and language.

2. Unchanging for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down and used from generation to generation, and its linguistic components remained basically unchanged. For example, some basic sentence patterns and the usage of commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period have been preserved in the classical Chinese of the past dynasties. Even the most active words among the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: some ancient words have The meaning has long since disappeared in spoken language, but it is still used in classical Chinese. Although people in later generations will inevitably incorporate some of the spoken language of the time into their imitations, thus bringing about some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese still basically maintains its original appearance in terms of vocabulary system and grammatical system.

3. Concise writing. Most of the important classics in ancient my country were written in classical Chinese, and many of these immortal works have always been known for their simplicity and conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, monosyllabic words are dominant in classical Chinese, and there are relatively few disyllabic and multi-syllable words; second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates, and prepositions. . In addition, famous writers in the past dynasties paid much attention to refining language and emphasized "small words and big meanings", so a strict and concise style of classical Chinese was formed.

4. Ancient and difficult to understand. As time passes, classical Chinese, which is separated from spoken language, becomes increasingly difficult to understand. Weird sentences, uncommon and ancient words, and many unfamiliar names, rules, and systems... all these become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks that literati and scholars have been diligently pursuing.

(1) Characteristics of omitted sentence patterns in classical Chinese: The omitted subject inherits the omission of the previous subject, echoes the omission of the following subject, and often omits the subject in dialogue.

(2) Characteristics of classical Chinese inverted sentence patterns: subject, predicate, object, prepositioned attributive, postpositioned preposition structure as adverbial postposition.

(3) Characteristics of classical Chinese passive sentence patterns: One is the passive sentence with signs, which is expressed with the help of some passive verbs; the other is the passive sentence without signs, which is also called the passive sentence of idea. Passive sentences with signs generally have the following forms: the preposition "yu" is used after the verb to express the passive, and "yu" plays the role of introducing the active agent who introduces the action. For example: "Therefore, Zheng Xiu is bewildered internally, and Zhang Yi is deceived externally." ("Historical Records. Biography of Qu Yuan") The actions of "confused" and "deceived" here are originated from "Zheng Xiu" and "Zhang Yi" after "Yu" came out. Sometimes, "shou" is added before the preposition "yu" or the verb to form the form "shou...yu..." to express the passive.

(4) Characteristics of judgment sentence patterns in classical Chinese: basically no judgment word / "is/" is used to express it, but nouns or noun phrases are often used to directly act as predicates to judge the subject. The sentence pattern There are several expressions as follows: "...,... also."

7. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese?

1. Separation of language. Linguistic research believes that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language. The two influence and promote each other, and they are very closely related. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of the spoken language of the pre-Qin Dynasty, but as time went by, the distance between classical Chinese and the spoken language of later generations gradually widened. From the Han and Wei dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to official promotion and the need for imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated " Poems and articles were written in the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics", and elegance was preferred. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the actual language used by people is getting wider and wider, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and literature. 2. It has remained unchanged for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down and used from generation to generation, and its linguistic components remained basically unchanged. For example, some basic sentence patterns and the usage of commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period have been passed down through the ages. It has been preserved in classical Chinese. Even the most active words among the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken language, but they are still used in classical Chinese. Although later generations When people imitate, they will inevitably incorporate some of the spoken language of the time, thus bringing some subtle changes to classical Chinese. But overall, classical Chinese still basically maintains its original appearance in terms of vocabulary system and grammatical system. 3. Concise writing . Most of the important classics in ancient my country were written in classical Chinese, and many of these immortal works have always been known for their simplicity and conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains factors of simplicity: First, monosyllabic words predominate in classical Chinese, while disyllabic words and multi-syllable words are dominant. There are relatively few syllables; secondly, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates, and prepositions. In addition, famous writers in the past dynasties paid much attention to refining language and emphasized "small words and big meanings", so a strict and concise style of classical Chinese was formed. 4. It is ancient and difficult to understand. Due to the passage of time, classical Chinese that is separated from spoken language has become more and more difficult to understand. There are crooked sentences, rare and ancient words, and many unfamiliar names and regulations... All of this, In the eyes of beginners, it has become an elusive "myth". Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult to understand problems has always been one of the tasks that literati and scholars have diligently pursued.

8. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese?

1. Separation of speech. Linguistic research believes that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language. The two influence and promote each other, and they are very closely related. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language, but as time went by, classical Chinese gradually distanced itself from the spoken language of later generations. From the Han and Wei dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to official promotion and the need for imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated " Poems and articles were written in the language of "Four Books and Five Classics", and elegance was the norm. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting wider and wider, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text.

2. It has remained unchanged for a long time. Until the "May 4th Movement", classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down and used by people from generation to generation, and its linguistic components basically remained unchanged. For example, some basic sentence patterns and commonly used sentences in the pre-Qin period The usage of function words has been preserved in classical Chinese throughout the ages. Even the most active words among the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken language, but they can be found in classical Chinese However, it is still used in Chinese. Although people in later generations will inevitably incorporate some of the spoken language of the time in their imitation, thus bringing some subtle changes to classical Chinese, but overall, classical Chinese still basically maintains its original vocabulary system and grammatical system.

3. Concise writing. Most of the important classics in ancient my country were written in classical Chinese, and many of their immortal works have always been famous for their simplicity and conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: 1. The reason is that monosyllabic words predominate in classical Chinese, and there are relatively few disyllabic and multi-syllable words; secondly, classical Chinese often omits subjects, objects, predicates, and prepositions. In addition, famous writers in the past dynasties paid more attention to tempering language and paying attention to the refinement of language. "Miscellaneous words, big meanings", thus forming a strict and concise style of classical Chinese.

4. Ancient and difficult to understand. Due to the passage of time, classical Chinese that is separated from spoken language has become more and more difficult to understand. Ji Qu Nie Ya Sentences, uncommon and ancient words, and many unfamiliar names, rules, and systems... all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems have always been It is one of the jobs that literati and scholars strive for.