General situation of queen
( 1)
I wonder if you know that there are three reigning kings of European monarchies today: Queen Elizabeth II, beatrix wilhelmina armgard Bette Rix and Danish Queen Margrethe II. None of them is the first queen in the history of their country. In the history of Europe, whether in ancient Greece, ancient Rome or medieval chivalry, the titles of "emperor" and "king" have always been the patent of men, and only the Eastern Roman Empire has produced several female emperors with little influence. But since the14th century, one queen (emperor) has appeared intermittently in one country after another, and up to now, there are thirty in total. (Statistically, there are six in Britain, four in Russia, three in the Netherlands, two in Luxembourg, three in Spain, two in Portugal, two in Sweden, two in Denmark, Austria 1, Poland 1, and Hungary 1. There were also merged countries, such as Scotland, Navarra and Naples, and there were queens, but some female emperors were strict. ) Around 30, they were just a little red man among the huge imperial ranks in Europe, but they not only wrote more colorful European history, but also left a lasting legacy in the history books. On the whole, the performance of Queen Ou is not bad. These include Margaret I of Denmark (in 1387~ 14 12), Elizabeth I of Britain (in 1558~ 1603) and IsabelI of Spain (in1403). Russia's Ekaterina II (reigned from 1762 to 1796) and Austria's Maria Tracy (reigned from 1740 to 1780) are regarded by domestic historians as one of the most outstanding emperors in their own history. Other queens are basically in the upper-middle or lower-middle position, and few are dissolute and heartless, which brings disaster to the country and the people. The only queen who was overthrown was Isabel Ii of Spain (the reign time was 183 1 to 1868), but it was her grandfather and father who plunged the country into dire straits, and she did not have much responsibility. There are only two ways for them to ascend to the throne: from princess to queen, and from queen to queen. As a queen, after the death of the king's husband, the heir was still young or there was no suitable heir, so she stepped into the center of the power stage and then ascended the throne, which is common in the history of all countries in the world. In Europe, two Russian yekaterina are typical representatives. But what is more European is the situation from princess to queen. Empresses in European history mostly belong to this category. After the accession to the throne, in addition to personally leading troops to fight, he can basically undertake the affairs that a male king can undertake. However, after17th century, it has become less and less common for kings to lead troops to fight in person, so it is not necessarily a serious problem. How to distribute the power between the queen and her husband after marriage is also a problem. There are quite a few queens who give the main kingship to their husbands or even give up the throne after marriage, such as Queen Christina Airiau Nora. Some queens can hold their husbands and the whole country firmly in their own hands after marriage, such as Maria Tracy, Queen of Austria. What's more, some queens choose not to marry for life to ensure their power, such as Queen Elizabeth I of Britain and Queen Yeli Savita of Russia.
(2)
There is no standard answer to this question. The first issue is women's right to inherit their parents' property and status. The Sarian code of ancient Frankish barbarian countries once stipulated that women had no right to inherit, but the Bible Numbers said: "A person should be inherited by his daughter." (meaning when there are no children). The situation in the history of European countries is different, but generally speaking, women have the right to inherit, but they are behind the corresponding men (this is different from Asian countries where women have no right to inherit at all and become others as soon as they get married). The differences between European countries are manifested in the differences between the central region and the "peripheral region" of Europe. In France, Germany and other traditional areas in central Europe, it has always been forbidden for women to inherit the throne. For example, French King Philip V once organized a meeting of scholars, and moved out the Code of Sarian, confirming that women have no right to inherit the throne. Even if the king has only a daughter and no son, the throne can only be inherited by other male relatives of the king. But in "marginal areas", such as Britain, Spain, Portugal, Sweden and so on. Women nominally have the possibility of inheriting the throne. In Eastern Europe, except for a special case of Poland and Hungary in the14th century, women were not allowed to inherit the throne in other times. The situation in Russia is quite special. /kloc-In the "Queen's Century" in the 0/8th century, there were four female czars, but in other centuries, women were usually forbidden to inherit the throne. However, the appearance of the queen always brings a series of complicated and thorny problems, so even in countries where women are nominally qualified to inherit the throne, the appearance of the queen still faces various obstacles, which is why there are few queens in European history. However, when a king has only a daughter but no son, he usually seeks to pass the throne to his daughter, not other male collateral relatives, which makes the issue of women's succession to the throne a "vague issue". Different countries, different families and different individuals have different understandings and plans, while the royal families in European countries have complicated marriage and blood relationship. For the same throne, members of the royal family in many countries can often put forward their own basis for inheritance. This is a woman in European history. 1328, French king Charles IV died childless. His cousin Philip, Duke of valois, succeeded to the throne for Philip VI. But King Edward III of England thinks he is the heir to the French throne, because he is the nephew of Charles IV, the grandson of Philip IV, the former king of France, the father of Charles IV, and all the children and grandchildren of Philip IV have died except him. As for Philip VI, he was at best a collateral descendant of Philip IV. Philip VI, on the other hand, thought that according to French tradition, women were not qualified to inherit the throne, so he didn't buy this "grandson of Philip IV". So the war between Britain and France broke out, which was continued by their descendants, from 1338 to 1453. Historically, it was called "Hundred Years' War between Britain and France". The king of England was crowned king in France, but he was finally driven out of France. The contradiction between Britain and France in territorial and economic interests is the real cause of this war, and the different understanding of women's succession to the throne between Britain and France is the fuse of this war. 17 13 years, the holy Roman emperor and Austrian archduke charles vi was deeply worried about his successor. He has no son, only one daughter-Maria Tracy. He wanted his daughter to ascend to the throne, and he didn't want his throne to fall into the hands of other princes in the German Federation. Therefore, he issued a famous imperial edict in history, stipulating that if there is no male heir, his daughter can also accede to the throne. This imperial edict was strongly opposed by the princes of the German Confederation on the grounds that there was no precedent for a queen in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. Maria Tracy's supporters retort that although there is no queen in history, there is no rule that women cannot inherit the throne. Charles vi regards the "national imperial edict" as the core of all its foreign policies. In exchange for international support for the "national imperial edict", he can make sacrifices in other aspects. 1740, charles vi died, and Maria Tracy ascended the throne smoothly, but at the same time, Bavaria elected Hou Abbott to declare himself emperor of the empire and invaded Austria with Frederick II of Prussia and the French army. This war is called "Austrian War of Succession to the throne" in history (1740~ 1748). Fortunately, Austria got help from Britain and the war ended in a draw. Prussia recognized Maria Tracy's throne, but separated Silesia from Austria. 1833, King Ferdinand VII of Spain died of illness. He only has two daughters. In his will, his eldest daughter Isabel succeeded to the throne of Queen Isabel Ii. However, Carlos, the younger brother of Ferdinand VII, thinks that women have no right to inherit and claims that he is the legal heir to the throne. He assembled a group of dissident political and religious factions and launched the "Royal Orthodox Movement" war, known as the "Carlos War" in history. After the failure, they went into exile abroad, and their descendants continued to seek the Spanish throne, so that the Spanish royal family was divided into two hereditary groups, one at home and the other abroad. Similarly, the war between uncle and niece for the throne, and the war between Portuguese Queen Maria II of Portugal and uncle Miguel. The above three examples are typical representatives of wars between different countries, between different royal families within the same country and within the same royal family due to different understandings of women's succession to the throne. Of course, these wars have a deeper political and social background, and the issue of women inheriting the throne is only the fuse.
(3)
The issue of succession to the throne in the new era entered the 20th century, and the European monarchy suffered a heavy blow and was no longer the center of a country's political life. However, in the middle of the 20th century, the female succession to the throne in Denmark, a corner of Europe, once again became the focus of the whole society. King Frederick IX of Denmark had only three daughters. According to Danish throne tradition, his younger brother Prince Knut was appointed as the heir to the throne. However, under the background of the postwar Danish feminist movement, many people were indignant that Margaret, the eldest daughter of Frederick IX, could not inherit the throne. 1950, "Danish Women's Association" started the debate. They used newspapers, radio and other media to publicize that Margaret should inherit the throne. This debate lasted for two years, and editorials, special topics, features and reports emerged one after another. In the end, this incident was exploited by Danish Prime Minister Eriksson, who combined the issue of women's succession to the throne with his proposal to change the parliamentary system from bicameral to unicameral, so as to increase the turnout rate. Results In the referendum of 1953, most people agreed to amend the law of succession to the throne and establish women's right to inherit the throne. Margaret was able to replace her uncle Prince Knut as Crown Prince, and she has been in office since 1972. Some commentators believe that this incident actually reflects that contemporary Europeans actually prefer to be ruled by a queen (however, in sharp contrast, in a recent opinion poll in Japan on whether or not they can accept a female emperor, 90% people clearly said that they could not accept it). Today, there are few European monarchies left, all of which are constitutional monarchy. The king is just a "rubber stamp" as a symbol of national unity. It is not so important for a man or a woman to be king. In addition, in contemporary European countries, it is not surprising that women parliamentarians occupy 20% to 30% of the seats in the National Assembly, even reaching 40% (such as Sweden). As for female prime ministers, ministers and party leaders, it is common in European countries, and the concept that only men can inherit the throne is out of date, although the royal system always lags behind the reform of the social system. At present, Sweden and Norway have legislated that male and female members of the royal family have completely equal rights to inherit the throne; In Britain, Spain, Denmark and the Netherlands, although female royal family members rank behind male royal family members with the same blood relationship in the order of succession to the throne (for example, elder sister ranks behind younger brother), they already have the right to inherit the throne beyond reproach; The exception is that in Belgium and Monaco, only the male royal family still has the right to inherit the throne.
Brief introduction of queen of England
1st: Mary I
Mary I, (Mary I,1516+08 February 2006 ~155811October 17) Queen of England and Ireland (in theory, she Her main story is that she tried to restore England from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism (1555). To this end, she executed almost 300 opponents. So it's called "bloody Mary". Since then, bloody Mary has become synonymous with witches in English. But her religious policy was largely reversed by her successor Elizabeth I.
Second place: Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (Elizabeth I,1was born in Greenwich, today's Greenwich, London, and died in Surrey on March 24th, 603),1558+01kloc-0/7 years/kloc. She never married, so she was called "virgin queen". When she ascended the throne, England was in a chaotic state of internal religious division, but she not only successfully maintained the unity of England, but also made England one of the most powerful and wealthy countries in Europe after nearly half a century of rule. British culture also reached a peak during this period, and famous figures such as Shakespeare and Bacon appeared. British colonies in North America also began to be established during this period. Her rule is called the "Elizabethan period" in English history, and it is also called the "golden age".
Third place: Queen Anne
Queen Anne (also translated as Queen Anne, 1 February 6, 665 ~171August 41), Queen of England. Anne is the second daughter of James II and Queen anne hyde. 1683 married Prince George of Denmark. 170 1 year, the British Parliament passed the inheritance law, and Anne became the heir of William III. 1702, Anne ascended the throne of the Queen of England. 1707, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland merged, realizing the real union between the two countries. Because Anne was weak and worried that there would be no heir, Viscount Boleyn Brock, leader of the Tories and Minister of State, contacted Anne's younger brother, james edward, an old throne covetous, hoping that he would give up his Catholic faith in exchange for the right to inherit the throne, but was rejected. 17 14, before her death, Queen Anne appointed the Duke of Shrewsbury as the most important finance minister in the government, which ensured that the throne was inherited by the Protestant Hanova elector George.
Fourth place: Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria (May 24th, 2009 ~18190165438+1October 22nd) is the longest-serving monarch in Britain and the first British monarch to be called "Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" and "Queen of India". Her 63-year reign (1837 June 20th ~19011October 22nd) was the most powerful so-called "empire that never fell" in Britain. Her rule lasted until her death and the beginning of World War I (19 14).
Fifth place: Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (1926 April 2 1 ~), whose full name is elizabeth alexandra mary windsor, is currently the British monarch, the head of state of Britain, the Commonwealth and 15 member countries, and a member of the Anglican Church. Her full name is "God bless, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its territory, head of the Commonwealth, protector of faith.". She was crowned on February 6, 1952, and is the second longest-serving head of state at present. About1250,000 people live in her country as heads of state.
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (1926 April 2 1 ~), formerly known as Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Winsor, is currently the British monarch, the head of state of Britain and the Commonwealth 15 member countries, and the supreme leader of the Church of England. Her full name is "King of England and his land and territory, head of Commonwealth, protector of (Christian) faith". She was crowned on February 6th, 1952. She is the third longest-serving head of state at present, and the country where she is the head of state is about 654.38+25 million people.
Elizabeth II was born in London by her grandparents. Her great-grandmother was Queen Alexander and her grandmother was Queen Mary. Her father, the Duke of York, was the second son of George V, who was not the heir to the throne at that time.
Therefore, Elizabeth was born as Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth and was educated at home under the supervision of her mother, the Duchess of York. Her history teacher, C.H.K. Martin, is the dean of Eton College. Besides, she studies various languages (she speaks French fluently). The Archbishop of Canterbury gave her theological advice, and she has always been a devout member of the Anglican Church.
1936 Elizabeth's uncle Edward VIII abdicated, her father succeeded to the throne, and she immediately became the heir to the throne. When World War II broke out, Elizabeth 13 years old. She and her sister Princess Margaret took refuge in Barmore. At that time, it was suggested that the two princesses take refuge in Canada, but their mothers objected: "The children can't leave me, I can't leave the king, and the king can't leave under any circumstances." 1940, Princess Elizabeth made the first broadcast, which was aimed at all the children who were taken in.
1945 princess Elizabeth persuaded her father to allow her to participate directly in helping win the war. She joined a women's group supporting the war. Her number is 230873, Lieutenant elizabeth windsor. This is the first time she has been trained with other children. It is said that she liked this experience very much, and it was because of this experience that she later sent her children to school instead of letting them study at home.
1947 Elizabeth visited abroad for the first time. She went to South Africa with her parents. 2 1 On her birthday, she broadcast to the Commonwealth and the Empire, vowing to devote her life to serving the people of the Commonwealth and the Empire.
On February 20th, Elizabeth married Prince Philip of Greece. Philip is the third cousin of Queen Elizabeth, and their great-great grandmothers are both Queen Victoria (Prince Philip swore off the right to inherit the Greek throne before marriage, and he didn't have any title before the title of Duke of Edinburgh, so he was called Captain philip Mountbatten). This kind of marriage is very suitable for the woman who is about to inherit the throne, because her husband has received royal training, but he will not inherit the throne of another country. However, the marriage was not deliberately arranged, and the relationship between the two went through many tests, including rumors about Philip's infidelity.
After their marriage, the couple lived in Clarence House in London. They have four children (see below). Although the English dynasty was called the Windsor dynasty, the couple agreed that their children should use Mountbatten Windsor as their surname.
From 195 1, King George's health deteriorated, and Elizabeth began to attend public activities instead of her father. That year she visited Greece, Italy and Malta (when Philip was stationed here with the army). In June+10, 65438, she visited Canada and Washington. 10 Elizabeth and Philip went to Australia and New Zealand again. When they visited Kenya on February 6th, they learned that Elizabeth's father had passed away. She was in a tree hotel when she ascended the throne. Her coronation ceremony was held in Westminster Abbey on June 2nd. 1953.
After the coronation, Queen Elizabeth II, wearing a crown and holding a scepter, moved to Buckingham Palace in central London with her husband Philip. But like all kings before her, Elizabeth doesn't like living in Buckingham Palace. For her, Windsor Castle in west London is her home. She also spent quite some time in Balmoral Castle in Scotland.
Queen Elizabeth is the monarch who has visited abroad the most times in history. From 1953 to 1954, she and Philip spent half a year traveling around the world, and she became the first incumbent monarch to visit Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. June 1957 paid a state visit to the United States and June 1959 visited Canada. Her first visit to India and Pakistan was in 196 1. She visited most European countries and many places outside Europe, and often attended Commonwealth summits.
Elizabeth is very conservative in religion, moral standards and family affairs. She takes her religious responsibilities very seriously and her coronation oath very seriously. This is one of the reasons why she is unlikely to abdicate. Queen Elizabeth, like her mother, never forgave Edward VIII for choosing to abdicate, because in her view, he abandoned his duties and forced his father to bear them, which was regarded as the chief culprit in shortening his father's life.