What are the types of pesticides?

1 Pesticide type \ x0d \ x0d \ 1 According to its components and sources, it can be divided into \ x0d \ x0d \ inorganic pesticides, such as lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, arsenite, sodium fluoride, sodium fluorosilicate, sulfur and zinc phosphide. \ x0d \ x0d \ organic pesticides. Natural organic pesticides can be divided into plant pesticides (such as derris, pyrethrum, tobacco, turpentine, anisodamine, azadirachtin, etc. ) and mineral pesticides (such as diesel oil emulsion, petroleum emulsion, etc. ). Synthetic organic pesticides include organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, organonitrogen pesticides and pyrethroids. \x0d\\x0d\ Microbial pesticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Agrocybe cutworm granulosis virus, Helicoverpa armigera granulosis virus, Pieris rapae granulosis virus, Plutella xylostella granulosis virus, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Monascus, etc. \ x0d \ x0d \ 1.2 \ x0d \ x0d \ stomach toxicity is classified according to its action or effect. It is a kind of medicine, which is eaten by insects' mouthparts into plant tissues or poison bait containing medicine, and absorbed by insects' digestive system, thus poisoning insects to death. Such as acephate and trichlorfon. \x0d\\x0d\ contact killer refers to that after a pest comes into contact with a chemical substance, the chemical substance enters the insect body from the epidermis, feet, antennae, valves and other parts, and the pest is poisoned and dies. Such as organophosphorus pesticides such as malathion and pyrethroid pesticides. \ x0d \ x0d \ fumigant. Drugs can volatilize into toxic gas at room temperature, or produce toxic gas through certain chemical action, and enter the body through the respiratory system of pests such as valves, so that pests are poisoned and die. Such as methyl bromide and phosphine. \ x0d \ x0d \ systemic agent can be absorbed by roots, stems, leaves and other tissues of plants, and transferred to other parts of the ground, or transferred to seedlings and even various parts of plants after being absorbed by seeds, and its dosage is enough to poison harmful pests in them. Such as phorate, methyl parathion and methyl thiophosphate. \ x0d \ x0d \ exclusion. Pesticide itself is non-toxic to kill pests, but its special smell makes pests avoid it, thus achieving the purpose of protecting crops from harm. Such as moth balls. \ x0d \ x0d \ refusing to eat. Pesticides applied to crops, after being contacted or eaten by pests, can destroy the normal physiological function of pests and the secretion of digestive enzymes in digestive tract, interfere with the nervous system of pests, make pests refuse to eat, and finally make insects starve to death and atrophy gradually, and immortal insects will also undergo physiological atrophy and metamorphosis. Such as chlordimeform, various terpenoids (such as azadirachtin), etc. \ x0d \ x0d \ attractant is a chemical substance that can trap all kinds of pests and then kill them. The most widely used sex attractant is a very small amount of sex attractant released by female insects, which can attract males of the same species to mate. When this sex attractant reaches a certain content in the air, it will make pests lose their way and reduce mating, spawning and reproduction, thus reducing the harm of pests. Such as sex pheromone of cotton bollworm, sex pheromone of red bollworm, sex pheromone of moth and sex pheromone of diamondback moth. \ x0d \ x0d \ sterile agent, when insects contact or take this agent, it destroys the function of reproductive organs and makes them lose their reproductive ability, resulting in females not laying eggs for mating, or the eggs laid cannot hatch normally, even if the hatched offspring cannot reproduce normally, thus reducing the population and even extinction in a certain range. Such as substitution, thiolation, etc. \x0d\\x0d\ specific insect growth regulator. These chemicals mainly interfere with and destroy the normal metabolism of pests, inhibit chitin synthesis, and make larvae deformed or die. \ x0d \ x0d \ At present, many organic synthetic pesticides have several insecticidal functions. For example, most organophosphorus pesticides have both stomach toxicity and contact toxicity; Most pyrethroid insecticides not only have stomach toxicity and contact toxicity, but also have certain repellent effect. These insecticides with multiple insecticidal functions can be called integrated insecticides. \x0d\\x0d\ 1.3 \ x0d \ \ x0d \ highly toxic drugs are classified according to their toxicity. Such as parathion, methyl parathion, phosphoramide, methamidophos, isocarbophos, etc. \ x0d \ x0d \ medium and low toxicity preparation. Such as acephate, triazophos, profenofos, fenpropathrin, pyridaphenthion, fenvalerate, cis-fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cis-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin and hexaflumuron. \x0d\\x0d\ 2 Precautions in shopping \x0d\\x0d\ Like other commodities, there are many problems in insecticidal products, so consumers should pay attention when shopping. In addition, pesticide is a special commodity, which involves a lot of knowledge and technology, so consumers should be more careful when buying. \x0d\\x0d\ Do not buy pesticides that are not marked with insecticidal active ingredients. \ x0d \ x0d \ chemical pesticides, it is recognized that pyrethroids are safer, while organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate are not as safe as the former. Among many pyrethroid insecticides, the safety is also different, and permethrin, permethrin, allethrin and deltamethrin are generally safer. \x0d\\x0d\ Don't buy insecticidal products produced by banned pesticide processing. \ x0d \ x0d \ Aerosol pesticides and other products must strictly implement the "three certificates" system marked with the quasi-production certificate number, pesticide registration certificate number and product quality standard number when leaving the factory, otherwise they are illegal goods and cannot be purchased. \ x0d \ x0d \ We should also carefully screen the foreign insecticidal commodities entering the China market, and we should not blindly believe them. \x0d\\x0d\ 3 Precautions for use \x0d\\x0d\ Use pesticides as little as possible, and try not to use them when not in use. Minimize exposure to pesticides. If you don't stay in the room where pesticides have been applied, you should leave immediately after applying pesticides, open the doors and windows for an hour and a half, and fully ventilate and exhaust before entering. \x0d\\x0d\ Do not expose infants and children with immature brains to pesticides, so as not to have adverse effects on children's brain development. \ x0d \ x0d \ Be careful when using pesticides in the kitchen, so as not to pollute food and kitchen utensils. \x0d\\x0d\ Take a shower and change clothes after spraying pesticides and insecticidal emulsifiable concentrate. \x0d\ Types, properties and functions of common fungicides: \x0d\x0d\ Description \x0d\ (1) Agricultural antibiotics \x0d\ 1, polyoxin \x0d\ Chinese name polyoxin \x0d\ English name polylxin\x0d\ \x0d\ Chemical name peptide pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics \x0d\ Preparation type 10%, 3%, 2%, 1.5% polyoxin wettable powder, 0.3% polyoxin aqua \x0d\ Physicochemical properties This kind of antibiotics contains a mixture of a to N 14 homologues. The main components of polyoxin produced in China are polyoxin A and polyoxin B, which are metabolites produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens in polyoxin. Its content is 84% (equivalent to 84× 10 unit /g), and it is a colorless needle crystal with a melting point of (m.p.) 180℃. Polyoxin produced in Japan, called polycycline, is the metabolite of Streptomyces cocoa var. asoensis. Its main component is polyoxin B, accounting for 22% ~ 25% (equivalent to 22× 10 ~ 25× 10 unit /g). It is amorphous and has a decomposition temperature (. Low toxicity to fish, aquatic organisms and bees. It is an environmentally friendly green pesticide. Polyoxin is a broad-spectrum systemic antibiotic fungicide. It has good control effect on fungal diseases such as Alternaria, Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis cinerea. When the drug is sprayed on the pathogen, the biosynthesis of chitin in the cell wall of the pathogen is disturbed, so that the fungal bud tube and mycelium with chitin as substrate partially swell and rupture, and the cell contents overflow, resulting in abnormal growth, development and death of the pathogen cells. At the same time, the drug also has the function of inhibiting bacterial sporulation and disease spot expansion. \x0d\ polyoxin is mainly used to control apple spot defoliation, mould heart disease, pear black spot disease and strawberry gray mold on deciduous fruit trees in northern China. Especially for the prevention and treatment of mould heart disease, spraying polyoxin when the apple falls 60% ~ 80% has obvious effect of preventing and treating mould heart disease, and does not affect fruit setting. \x0d\ 2。 Pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics \x0d\ Chinese name pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics \x0d\ English name TF- 120\x0d\ trade name Nongkang 120, antifungal drugs 120 and 120 agricultural antibiotics \x0d. Chemical name pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotic \x0d\ preparation type 2%, 4% pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotic aqua \x0d\ physical and chemical properties pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotic (Nongkang 120) is a new Var of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var in Beijing. It used to be called "Nongkang 120". Since 2003, the generic name of this drug has been changed from "Nongkang 120" to "pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics" in the Compilation of Pesticide Management Information compiled by the Ministry of Agriculture. The main component of this preparation is 120-B, which is similar to that of Harimycin. It can directly hinder the synthesis of pathogenic bacteria protein, leading to the death of pathogenic bacteria. The secondary component 120-A is similar to hygromycin. The other component is 120-C, which is similar to staphylococcin. The appearance of pure product is white powder, melting point is 165 ~ 167℃ (decomposition), and it is easily soluble in water. The appearance of the product is brown liquid, which is not mildewed, caked and odorless. The precipitate is ≤2, and the pH value is 3 ~ 4. It is easy to decompose in case of alkalinity. The drug has low toxicity to people and animals. No residue, no environmental pollution, and safety to crops and natural enemies. And can stimulate the growth of plants. \x0d\ Function This product is a broad-spectrum antifungal agricultural antibiotic with both preventive and therapeutic effects. By blocking the synthesis of protein, the pathogen died. \x0d\ On deciduous fruit trees in northern China, this pesticide can not only control ring rot and anthracnose, but also control Alternaria leaf spot and powdery mildew. It is a relatively safe biological fungicide and can be widely used in apple, pear, peach tree, grape, big cherry and other fruit trees. \x0d\ 3。 Jinggangmycin \x0d\ Chinese common name Jinggangmycin \x0d\ English common name Jinggangmycin \ x0d \ trade name Jinggangmycin, etc. \x0d\ chemical name N-[( 1s)-( 1, 4,6/5)-3-hydroxymethyl-4,5,6-trihydroxy -2- cyclohexenyl ][O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(6544) 15%, 20% jinggangmycin is soluble, in which component A has the highest activity, followed by component B. The pure product is white powder without a certain melting point and decomposes at 130 ~ 135℃. Strong hygroscopicity. Soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents such as acetone and ethanol, soluble in methanol and dioxane. Can be decomposed and invalidated by various microorganisms. The preparation is brown transparent liquid or brown powder. Jinggangmycin is low toxic to people and livestock, and safe to bees and natural enemies. \x0d\ Action Jinggangmycin is a systemic and therapeutic antibiotic, which can interfere with the growth of pathogenic bacteria, but has no bactericidal activity. It can lead to abnormal branching at the top of mycelium and then stop growing. \x0d\ Jinggangmycin is commonly mixed with other fungicides in deciduous fruit trees in northern China. Spraying 5% jinggangmycin aqueous solution 500 times at the bud splitting stage of peach has a significant effect on preventing and controlling peach leaf shrinkage disease. The product has a good control effect on wheat sheath blight, rice sheath blight, ginger and vegetable sheath blight. \x0d\ 4。 Zhongshengmycin \x0d\ Chinese name Zhongshengmycin \x0d\ English name Zongshengmycin \x0d\ trade name Kejunkang and Nongkang 75 1\x0d\ chemical name N- glycoside antibiotics \x0d\ preparation type is 1% Zhongshengmycin aqueous solution and 3% Zhongshengmycin wettable powder. Pure product is white powder, easily soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. In acidic medium, it is stable at low temperature. \x0d\ Bioactive bacteriocin has the characteristics of broad spectrum, high efficiency, low toxicity and no pollution. It can inhibit the synthesis of pathogenic bacteria protein, deform filamentous fungi, inhibit spore germination and kill spores. \x0d\ Zhongshengmycin has a good control effect on bacterial diseases and some fungal diseases of crops. At the same time, it has a certain yield increase effect. It is safe to use and can be used in apple flowering period. It has good control effect on apple ring rot, anthracnose, Alternaria leaf spot, mould heart disease, grape anthracnose, black pox, peach bacterial perforation and scab, soft rot of Chinese cabbage, wheat scab and so on. However, this product is harmful to crops such as soybeans, eggplant and grapes. \x0d\ 5。 Wuningmycin \x0d\ Chinese name Wuningmycin \x0d\ English name tetramycin\x0d\ product name tetramycin,11antibiotic \x0d\ chemical name macrolide tetraene antibiotic \x0d\ preparation type 0./. Water absorbing bacteria. Comprises four components: A 1, A2, b and c, wherein A 1 and A2 are macrolide tetraene antibiotics; Group b is peptide antibiotics, which are the same substance as bleomycin; Group C is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic antibiotic with the same structure as anisomycin. The preparation is a brown liquid with low toxicity and stable properties. Safe for people, livestock and the environment. \x0d\ Action Wuningmycin is an agricultural antibiotic, which is mainly used to prevent and control the rot of apples and pears, and at the same time, it can obviously promote the healing of diseased scars. The daubing concentration is 10 times. The spray concentration is 20-40 times. \x0d\ 6, streptomycin \x0d\ Chinese name streptomycin \x0d\ English name streptomycin \x0d\ trade name agricultural streptomycin, bacterial removal \x0d\ chemical name O-2- deoxy -2- methylamino-l-glucopyranosyl-(1. It is weakly acidic, stable at low temperature, and easy to decompose and fail under high temperature and alkaline conditions. Moisture absorption should be sealed and stored in a dry place. Low toxicity to people and livestock, and safe to the environment. \x0d\ streptomycin acts by binding to the 30S ribosome subunit of pathogenic cells, causing misreading of genetic code, thus inhibiting the biosynthesis of bacterial protein group. Mainly to control bacterial diseases of crops. It has obvious control effect on apple, pear fire blight, peach bacterial perforation, Chinese cabbage soft rot, tomato blight and cucumber angular leaf spot. \x0d\ (II) Organic sulfur bactericide \x0d\ 1, Dyson zinc \x0d\ Chinese name zineb \x0d\ English name zineb \x0d\ trade name Prouddin, Peijin, Rambo \x0d\ Chemical name zinc ethylene dithiocarbamate \ X0d\ Preparation type 6D. Industrial products are white to light yellow powder with rotten egg smell and low volatility. The relative density is about 65438 0.74 (20℃). Insoluble in water, soluble in carbon disulfide and pyridine, insoluble in most organic solvents. It is unstable to light, heat and humidity, and easy to decompose when it meets alkaline substances or copper. The drug has low toxicity, with acute oral LD50 > 5200mg/kg and acute percutaneous LD50 > 2500mg/kg in rats. Irritant to human skin and mucosa, non-toxic to bees. Zineb is a broad-spectrum protective fungicide. It is easy to be oxidized into isothiocyanate compounds in water, which has a strong inhibitory effect on enzymes containing -SH groups in pathogenic bacteria, can directly kill pathogenic spores, effectively inhibit the germination of fungal spores and prevent the invasion of host plants. However, it can not effectively kill bacteria that enter plants. Therefore, protective fungicides, such as zineb, should be applied before and at the beginning of the disease to achieve better control effect. \x0d\ zineb is sprayed on apple after flowering and before bagging, which has obvious control effect on apple leaf spot, ring rot and anthracnose. It also has good preventive effect on pear scab, peach scab, grape downy mildew and anthracnose. \x0d\ 2。 Mancozeb \x0d\ Chinese name Mancozeb \x0d\ Trade name Xin Wansheng, Sheng Da, Penke, Shandesheng, Dafeng \x0d\ Chemical name complex of manganese dithiocarbamate and zinc ion \x0d\ Preparation type 70%, 80% Mancozeb wettable powder \x0d\ Physical and chemical properties The original drug is grayish yellow powder. Insoluble in water and most organic solvents, easy to decompose in high temperature, high humidity and acid and alkali, compatible with most commonly used pesticides, but sometimes it will destroy the emulsifying performance of some emulsifiable concentrates. Low toxicity and certain irritation to skin and mucosa. Toxic to fish. \x0d\ action This agent is a broad-spectrum and protective bactericide. The mechanism of action is to inhibit the oxidation of pyruvate in bacteria. It is effective in preventing and treating apple spot disease, ring rot and anthracnose. It also has good preventive effect on pear scab, peach scab, grape downy mildew and anthracnose. The effect is similar to that of zineb. However, it should be noted that if the quality of this product is not up to standard, if apples are applied before bagging, it will easily lead to phytotoxicity. \x0d\ 3, propineb \x0d\ Chinese common name propineb \x0d\ English common name propineb \x0d\ product name Antaisheng \x0d\ chemical name zinc propylene dithiocarbamate \x0d\ preparation type 70% propineb wettable powder \x0d\ Physical and chemical properties of the original drug are white or yellowish powder. The preparation is beige powder with special smell, and its suspension stability is more than 75%. Wetting time 300℃, non-volatile. Insoluble in general organic solvents. Soluble in water, the solubility in water at 20℃ is120g/L. The original drug and its processed products are stable at room temperature and easy to decompose when they meet strong acids and alkalis. Non-corrosive phosphoethyl aluminum powder has low toxicity to people and animals, no irritation to eyes and skin, and is safe to aquatic organisms and bees. The medicine is easy to absorb moisture and agglomerate, but it does not affect the efficacy. Phosphoethyl aluminum is an organophosphorus fungicide. It is an organophosphorus fungicide with high efficiency, low toxicity and internal absorption. It has two-way conduction upward and downward in plants, and has dual functions of protection and treatment. The duration is long. It is easy to produce drug resistance and should be used alternately with other fungicides. When the spraying concentration is too high, it has mild phytotoxicity to cucumber and cabbage. When mixed with other fungicides, precipitation will occur when preparing solutions. It is often used to control fungal diseases of economic crops such as fruit trees, vegetables and flowers. It is caused by phycomycetes, such as downy mildew, Phytophthora and monospora. It has a good effect on apple spot defoliation, ring rot and grape downy mildew. \x0d\ 2, Fu Mei arsone \x0d\ Chinese name Fu Mei arsone \x0d\ English name Asomate\x0d\ trade name Fu Mei arsone, Asumiao \x0d\ chemical name three -(N, N- dimethyl dithiocarbamates) arsone. Preparation type: 40% thiram wettable powder, 10% thiram daub \x0d\ Physical and chemical properties The original drug is yellow-green prismatic crystal with melting point of 224 ~ 226℃. Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol and acetone, in case of concentrated acid or hot acid.