At present, Bell is generally recognized as the inventor of the telephone. He applied for a telephone patent at the U.S. Patent Office on February 14, 1876. In fact, just two hours after he filed the application, a man named E.6.1 Gray also applied for a telephone patent. Before the two of them, many people in Europe were already carrying out ideas and research in this area. As early as 1854, the principle of the telephone had been conceived by the Frenchman Boussard, and six years later the German Reiss repeated this idea. The principle is: two thin metal sheets are connected with wires. When one side makes a sound, the metal sheet vibrates, turns into electricity, and is transmitted to the other side. But this is just an idea. The problem is the structure of the transmitter and receiver. How can the mechanical energy of sound be converted into electrical energy and transmitted. Initially, Bell used electromagnetic switches to form an open and close pulse signal, but this method was obviously not feasible for such high frequencies as sound waves. The final success came from an accidental discovery. On June 2, 1875, during an experiment, he connected a metal piece to an electromagnetic switch. Unexpectedly, in this state, the sound magically turned into an electric current. According to the analysis principle, it turns out that the metal piece vibrates due to sound, which induces a current in the electromagnetic switch coil connected to it. It seems now that this principle is known to even a student who has studied junior high school physics, but at that time it was undoubtedly a very important discovery for Bell. Gray's design principle is different from Bell's. It uses the resistance change of the liquid inside the microphone, while the receiver is exactly the same as Bell's. In 1877, Edison obtained a patent for the carbon microphone. At the same time, many people were making various improvements to the way the phone worked. The patent dispute was complicated and did not come to an end until 1892. One reason for this situation was that the Western Union Telegraph Company, the largest in the United States at the time, bought the patent rights of Gray and Edison to compete with Bell's telephone company. The result of the long-running patent dispute was that the two parties reached an agreement. Western Union Telegraph Company fully recognized Bell's patent rights and would no longer be involved in the telephone industry. In exchange, it shared 20% of Bell Telephone Company's revenue within 17 years. Technological Development In the decades after the invention of the telephone, a large number of patents were applied for regarding the operation and technology of telephones. Strowger's "automatic dialing system" reduced various problems caused by manual wiring, and the application of dry batteries reduced the size of telephones. The volume and application of loaded coils reduce signal loss in long-distance transmission. In 1906, Lee De invented the electronic test tube, and its loudspeaker function led the direction of telephone service. Later, Bell Telephone Laboratories made an electronic triode based on this. This research was of great significance. On January 25, 1915, the first interborough telephone line opened between New York and San Francisco. It used 2,500 tons of copper wire, 130,000 poles and countless loaded coils, and three vacuum tube amplifiers along the way to strengthen the signal. On July 1, 1948, scientists at Bell Labs invented the transistor. This is not only of great significance to the development of telephones, but also has a huge impact on all aspects of human life. In the following decades, a large number of new technologies emerged, such as the production of integrated circuits and the application of optical fibers, which all played a very important role in the development of communication systems. Telephone in China After the Opium War, while Western powers plundered land and wealth in China, they also brought modern postal services and telecommunications to China. In 1900, my country's first local telephone was launched in Nanjing; from 1904 to 1905, Russia set up radio stations from Yantai to Niuzhuang. China's ancient postal system and private communication institutions were gradually replaced by advanced postal services and telecommunications. During the Republic of China, China's postal and telecommunications communications were still under the control of Western powers. Coupled with years of war, communication facilities are often damaged. During the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese imperialists transformed and expanded the telecommunications network system out of war needs and the purpose of long-term domination of China. They took advantage of China's economic and technological backwardness and the corruption of the political system at that time to improve technology, equipment, maintenance, and management. and other aspects to control China’s communications industry.
Before 1949, China's telecommunications system developed slowly. By 1949, China's telephone penetration rate was only 0.05, and there were only 260,000 telephone users. After 1949, the Central People's Government quickly restored and developed communications. The Beijing Telegraph Building built in 1958 became an important milestone in the history of communications development in New China. Ten years after the "Cultural Revolution", post and telecommunications suffered another blow. They have been losing money and business development has stagnated. By 1978, the national telephone penetration rate was only 0.38, less than 1/10 of the world level. China, which accounted for 1/5 of the world's population, had less than 1% of the world's total number of telephones. There were less than 10% of telephones per 200 people. One, 75 years behind the United States! The proportion of switch automation is low. Most counties and rural areas still use "shake handles". Long-distance transmission mainly relies on open wires and analog microwaves. Even in Beijing, 20 long-distance calls cannot be connected every day, and 15 long-distance calls cannot be connected until an hour later. People who made calls at the Telegraph Building had to wait in line with their lunch. In 1978, the national telephone capacity was 3.59 million, the users were 2.14 million, and the penetration rate was 0.43. After the reform and opening up, backward communication networks have become a bottleneck for economic development. Since the mid-1980s, the Chinese government has accelerated the construction of basic telecommunications facilities. By March 2003, the number of fixed phone users reached 2.25626 billion, and the number of mobile phone users reached 221.491 billion. billion households. How many people have worked hard to deliver information faster and better in ancient and modern times. In the more than 100 years of telecommunications development, people have tried various communication methods: the original telegraph used expressions similar to "digits" to transmit information. ; Later, telephones that transmitted information with analog signals appeared; with the advancement of technology, digital methods have once again received attention due to their obvious superiority, digital program-controlled switches, digital mobile phones, optical fiber digital transmission... the wheel of history is still moving forward. . The Century-old Telephone Since the invention of the telephone, there have been considerable changes from its working principle to its appearance design. Now, please follow us on this century-old development path of the telephone. These phones are collected by antique phone collectors from all over the world. 1878, Handheld Telephone This telephone was made in Germany in 1878 by Werner Siemens. Its earpiece and microphone are one, and they are used alternately when listening and speaking. 1879 Box Telephone This telephone was equipped with a magnetic generator produced by the Viaduct Manufacturing Company and was made of mahogany. It also had a columnar receiver. 1880, Bell Telephone This was the first telephone used in Europe. It replaced the telegraph and was more advanced than the magnetic engine telephone, which had a handle. 1881, 1882 Magnetic Generator Wall Telephone The telephone on the left is called the American Bell model, manufactured in 1881 and used by the International Bell Telephone Company in Copenhagen. Manufactured by L.M. Ericsson. This phone was popular at the end of the last century. 1885, "Eiffel Tower" Magneto Generator Telephone This telephone was made in 1885 by L. M. Ericsson. At the time it was the first phone to be placed on a desktop. The microphone is mounted on a rotating arm, and a crank is used to connect to the switch. 1885, 1902. The magnetic generator wall telephone was manufactured by Ferdinand E. Stensen in Copenhagen in 1885. It was the earliest telephone made by a Dane. This one was made by the Emil Mdlers Telephone Company in Hosen. In 1885, the manufacturer and origin of the wooden frame desk telephone are unknown. 1892, electric folding cabinet table phone. This type of phone is mostly used in homes, hotels and phone booths. 1892 "Eiffel Tower" telephone with handset This is a true classic telephone, made in 1892 by L. M. Ericsson. This phone spread all over the world, with nearly a million units produced. In 1893, the "coffee pot" telephone had only a few examples in Denmark, and it was the most attractive and valuable to collectors. 1899, Digital Mechanical Wall Telephone This digital mechanical telephone comes in both wall and table versions.
1900, Upright Desk Telephone This round-bellied desk telephone was made of nickel-plated bronze. There is a sturdy piece of bakelite underneath the hanging rod. It also has a peripheral earpiece to show off. 1900, Upright Tapered Desk Telephone This telephone was nicknamed the "oil can" because of its shape. 1900, 20-wire split telephone This model is the so-called 20-wire split telephone. For intercom use only, manufactured in Sweden by L. M. Ericsson. 1901 Magnetic Generator Desk Telephone This model was manufactured in Copenhagen in 1901 by Ferdinand E. Stensens Telefonfabrik. Pay attention to its earpiece, hanging separately on a hook. Perhaps it was because the quality of telephone access at that time was not high and sometimes one had to listen with two ears. 1902, Kellogg Corner Desk Telephone This corner desk telephone was mostly used in homes, offices and phone booths. It was manufactured by the Hardwood Telephone Company of the United States. I bought it from a farmer in a small town in California. 1902, Public Battery Wall Telephone. This type of telephone does not require you to turn the handle, pick up the receiver and speak directly to the operator. It was purchased from an antique shop in San Francisco. 1904, Magnetic Generator First Line Telephone This telephone was manufactured in 1904 by L.M. Ericssom. This phone allows four users to share one phone line. On February 17, 1753, the idea of ??using electric current for communication was first proposed in a magazine called "The Scotsman", and the article was signed C.M. On August 15, 1784, a visual communication method called "remote communication" was used for the first time between Lille and Paris, France. In 1796, the Englishman Hughes proposed a method of transmitting voice via microphone relay and named it Telephone, a name that has been used to this day. In 1832, Russian diplomat Schilling built a telegraph that used the deflection of the galvanometer pointer to receive information. In 1835, American Morse invented the telegraph machine that used electromagnetic principles for telegraph transmission. In June 1837, the Englishman Cook obtained the first patent for the invention of the telegraph. The telegraph machine he made was first used on the railway. From 1837 to 1838, Morse also invented the Morse code, a code that represents numbers and letters by "turning on" and "cutting off" current. In 1843, Morse built a telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore, with a total length of 64.4 kilometers. On May 24, 1844, Morse sent the first telegram in human history to Baltimore from the Capitol Building: "What a miracle God has created!". On August 28, 1850, the first submarine cable was laid in the high seas between Cape Gris-Nez, France, and Cape Lisseland, England, by brothers John and Jacob Brett. , however, only a few telegrams were sent before being interrupted. It turned out that a fisherman hooked up a section of cable with a trawl net, cut off a section and happily showed off this rare "seaweed" specimen to others, saying in amazement that it was filled with gold. On March 10, 1876, the British Scotsman Bell invented the telephone. "Mr. Watson, come and help me" became the first voice sent by humans through the telephone. At that time, Bell spilled acid from the microphone onto his leg. In 1879, a telegraph line was set up between Tianjin and Dagu Beitang Fort. On February 21, 1882, the Dango-Dabei Telegraph Company established a telephone exchange on the Bund in Shanghai. In 1895, the Russian Popov and the Italian Marconi respectively invented the wireless telegraph. On May 18, 1897, Marconi successfully conducted radio communications across the Bristol Channel. In 1900, the Shanghai-Nanjing Telegraph Bureau opened local telephones. At that time, there were only 16 telephones. In 1901, Marconi achieved wireless communication across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1903, the wireless telephone experiment was successful. On November 8, 1907, French inventor édouard 6?1 Belland demonstrated his development result-photo fax in the building of the French Photographic Association. In 1919, Palm and Berland invented the "crossbar connector."
Ten years later, the world's first large-scale telephone exchange was built in Sundsvall, Sweden. In July 1920, China Post launched postal and telegraph services. In 1937, the British man Reeves proposed a method of transmitting voice information using all combinations of pulses (pulse code modulation). In October 1945, the British A?6?1C?6?1 Clark proposed the idea of ????stationary satellite communications. In 1946, Eckert and Mauchly built the world's first electronic computer. In 1947, Bell Labs in the United States proposed the concept of cellular communications, dividing the mobile phone service area into several cells, and setting up a base station in each cell to form a cellular mobile communication system. In December 1950, the long-distance open-line international trunk line project in Northeast China was completed, and the cable carrier circuit from Beijing to Moscow was opened. In July 1954, the U.S. Navy used the reflection of radio waves on the lunar surface to conduct a telephone transmission test between two places on the earth. In 1956, communications services were established between Washington and Hawaii. In 1956, a telephone cable was laid on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean between the United Kingdom and Canada, making long-distance intercontinental telephone communications a reality. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union successfully launched its first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. In August 1958, the first domestic 12-carrier telephone equipment was successfully developed at the Shanghai Post and Telecommunications Equipment Factory. In January 1960, China's first set of 1,000 vertical and horizontal automatic telephone exchanges was put into use at the Shanghai Wusong Telephone Bureau. In 1960, American physicist Maiman used powerful ordinary light to illuminate artificial gemstones and created a laser that was 10 million times stronger than sunlight. In 1962, the United States successfully developed pulse code modulation equipment for multiplexed telephone communications. In 1965, the first computer-controlled program-controlled telephone exchange came out in the United States, marking the beginning of a new era of telephones. In 1966, the British-Chinese Kao Kun proposed the idea of ??using glass fiber for long-distance laser communication. In 1969, the Beijing Long Distance Telecommunications Bureau successfully installed China's first fully automatic long-distance telephone equipment. In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense proposed a plan to develop the ARPA network. It was completed and put into operation in 1969, marking a new era in the development of computer communications. In 1970, the world's first program-controlled digital switchboard was opened in Paris, France, marking the full practicality of digital telephones and the arrival of a new era of digital communications. In 1972, the Consultative Committee on International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) first proposed the concept of Integrated Services Digital Network - ISDN. In 1974, the construction of the China-Japan submarine cable began. This was the first international submarine cable that China participated in the construction. In 1975, the vertical and horizontal automatic telephone switching equipment developed and designed by China passed the national certification and began mass production. In March 1976, China's first large-capacity transmission system, the 1800-channel coaxial cable carrier system, was completed and put into production in Beijing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou, with a total length of 1,700 kilometers. In 1982, GSM was established in Europe with the task of formulating standards for pan-European mobile communication roaming. In 1982, China's first batch of coin-operated public telephones appeared in bustling streets such as East and West Chang'an Street in Beijing, with 22 coin-operated public telephone booths installed. In December 1982, the first 10,000-door program-controlled local telephone switching system introduced from Japan was put into use at the Fuzhou Telecommunications Bureau, establishing the first program-controlled telephone bureau introduced in China. In 1983, the AMPS cellular system was opened in Chicago, USA. 1904, “Spider” civilian band telephone L. M. Ericsson’s first civilian band telephone. Chicago's tree-style desk phone, 1905. This desk phone was known as the "Potty" because of the bulge in the middle of the handle. 1905, Porch Intercom This is a Connecticut Telecommunications Company 32-door Porch Intercom. In 1905, the 11-digit dialing desk telephone used an 11-digit dialing method.
In 1907, the "German model" radio band telephone was manufactured in Germany by E. Zwuetyschamp Co. in 1907. The emergence of this telephone could solve the problem of long waiting time for calls to a certain extent. 1907, Magneto-type Telephone This telephone was manufactured in 1907 by L.M. Ericsson. Note: When answering a call, hang the handset on a separate hook. This was the unified standard for phone manufacturers at the time. In 1908, the CH-08 loudspeaker telephone was introduced by KTAS. 1910, Interphone An upright tabletop interphone produced by the S.H. Couch Company for inter-office communication. In 1912, this telephone was used for office arrangement. This telephone can have 17 extensions at the same time through the main unit. Each extension can make calls, and the extensions can also be connected to each other. 1912, CH-08 wall telephone. This telephone was produced in 1912 by the Danes in Copenhagen. It can automatically send and receive telegraphs. In 1912, the Magnetic Generator Telephone was a telegraph and fax telephone manufactured by L.M. Ericsson and was often used in remote areas or small islands. 1914 Magnavox anti-noise desk phone The unique design of this phone was that when you spoke into the microphone, the sound passed through a small hole in the top of the phone, causing the vibrating plate in the phone to vibrate. Noise is canceled when it enters the microphone. Its dual rotating earpieces help block unwanted noise. In 1914, the Magnavox Anti-Noise Desk Telephone Model B1 also had noise canceling capabilities. In 1914, the Magneto Telephone was manufactured in Horwens in 1914 and could be used to send telegraphs and faxes. 1915, Veau desk telephone