Overview of the development of foreign prefabricated buildings
Japanese prefabricated buildings
There are many industrialized housing manufacturers in Japan, and each manufacturer continues to research and develop new types of housing to meet market requirements.
However, the steel structure system is basically the same, except for the differences in roof and wall material selection, indoor and outdoor decoration and equipment.
Sekisui House Co., Ltd. occupies a leading position in industrialized housing in Japan. The patented product prefabricated house type B inherits the advantages of traditional construction methods and combines traditional Japanese wood Structural houses are modified into steel structures and composite panel structures, and adopt metric integer-valued modules. The B-type system provides a variety of free designs to meet the different requirements of customers.
The main features of type B system:
1. The skeleton adopts steel structure and is electroplated to improve the anti-rust performance.
2. Reinforced concrete strip foundation: Use standardized steel formwork, factory-processed steel bars, and commercial concrete poured on site.
3. Wall: Lay the boards vertically in a standard size steel frame and use dry construction.
4. Adopt the inherent modulus: the standard size of the wall panel is 2.5m high, 2m wide, and the steel column spacing is 1m.
There are also factory prefabricated foundations that are transported to the site and laid on site.
Prefabricated buildings in the United States
The residential construction market in the United States is relatively well developed, with high commercialization and integration of residential components and components, and various machinery and instrument industries are also well developed. Various technical services are highly specialized and socialized.
Under normal circumstances, after the house is manufactured in the factory, it is transported to the construction site and combined with various other building structures to form a complete residential building.
There are very few wet operations on site, and the construction efficiency of the same project is several times that of the current domestic construction efficiency.
And because the management mechanism of industrialized housing in the United States is relatively advanced, the house can be considered and designed comprehensively as a final product.
Therefore, the prefabricated industrialized housing in the United States has reached a very high level.
Overview of the development of domestic prefabricated buildings
In the past 10 years of development, our country has initially established a prefabricated building system with Chinese characteristics, that is, a prefabricated building system with Chinese characteristics has been formed, which is mainly composed of light steel structures and wooden structures. Structure, light steel-timber structure, light steel-reinforced concrete structure and light steel-steel structure are complementary prefabricated building structure systems.
Moreover, there has been further exploration in residential integration.
For example, the current Yuanda Housing Industry, the construction of prefabricated buildings currently promoted by Vanke, etc.
At present, my country's prefabricated buildings have made great progress, but the early planning, construction and post-property management involved in prefabricated buildings are not familiar to all related supporting industries. Therefore, in the implementation There are still many technical connection issues in the process.
The integration of supporting technologies is the key to the promotion of prefabricated buildings. Judging from the current situation in our country, this process still takes a long time.
Prefabricated building classification
1. Block building
Prefabricated buildings with walls made of prefabricated block materials are suitable for building 3- 5-story building, block construction has strong adaptability, simple production process, easy construction, low cost, and can also use local materials and industrial waste.
Building blocks are classified into small, medium and large sizes.
Small blocks are suitable for manual handling and construction. They have a low degree of industrialization, are flexible and convenient, and are widely used.
Medium-sized blocks can be hoisted by small machinery, which can save masonry labor.
Large blocks have now been replaced by prefabricated large panels.
2. Panel construction
Also known as large panel construction, it is assembled from prefabricated large-scale internal and external wall panels, floor slabs, roof panels and other panels.
It is the main type of fully prefabricated buildings in industrialized system buildings.
Equipment in the building often uses centralized indoor pipe fittings or box-type toilets to improve the degree of assembly.
The main disadvantage of large-panel buildings is that they have great restrictions on the shape and layout of the building, and the internal partitions of large-panel buildings with small bays and horizontal load-bearing lack flexibility, which is difficult to use in residential buildings. There are certain limitations.
3. Box building
A kind of prefabricated building developed on the basis of panel building. This kind of building has a high degree of factoryization and can be installed quickly on site.
Generally, not only the structural part of the box is completed in the factory, but also the internal decoration and equipment are installed. Even furniture, carpets, etc. can be installed completely. The box is hoisted and can be used after the pipelines are connected.
3. Skeleton plate building
It is composed of prefabricated skeletons and plates. The load-bearing skeleton is generally a heavy-duty reinforced concrete structure. Steel and wood are also used to make a skeleton and plate combination, which is commonly used. in lightweight prefabricated buildings.
The frame plate building has a reasonable structure, which can reduce the weight of the building, and has flexible internal partitions, making it suitable for multi-story and high-rise buildings.
5. Rising-slab and raised-story buildings
It is a type of slab-column structural system, but the construction methods are different.
This kind of building is to repeatedly pour the floor slabs and roof panels on the underlying concrete floor. Prefabricated reinforced concrete columns are erected, using the columns as guide rods, and using hydraulic jacks placed on the columns to lift the floor slabs and roof panels. The panels are raised to the designed height and fixed.
The exterior walls can be made of brick walls, block walls, prefabricated exterior wall panels, lightweight composite wall panels, etc.; the sliding formwork can also be lifted and the exterior can be poured when the floor slab is raised.
A large number of operations are carried out on the ground during the construction of the raised panel building, which reduces high-altitude operations and vertical transportation, saves formwork and scaffolding, and can reduce the area of ??the construction site.
Features
1. Various design forms
The current residential design is out of touch with housing needs. There are many load-bearing walls, small bays, and dead separation. The space in the house cannot be divided flexibly.
As for prefabricated houses, "large bays are used to flexibly divide the houses. One of the core issues is to have matching lightweight partition walls, and light steel keels combined with gypsum boards or other light boards are exactly what they need." The best material for partition walls and suspended ceilings.
2. Functional modernization
(1) Energy saving: The exterior wall is equipped with an insulation layer, which can greatly reduce the energy consumption of heating in winter and air conditioning in summer;
(2) Sound insulation: Improve the sealing function of walls, doors and windows, and the insulation material has a sound-absorbing function to create a quiet environment indoors and avoid interference from external noise;
(3) Fire prevention: use Non-combustible or refractory materials "prevent the spread or spread of fire;
(4) Earthquake resistance: Use a large amount of lightweight materials to reduce the weight of the building and increase assembled flexible connections;
3. Uniform manufacturing standards
If the exterior surface of a traditional building relies on on-site construction to produce a variety of beautiful patterns, it will be very difficult to apply colored paint without color difference and without fading for a long time.
But prefabricated building exterior wall panels can easily do this.
Moreover, the properties of materials can be precisely controlled at any time during the production process.
my country's development. The Prospects of Prefabricated Buildings
Prefabricated buildings are popular products abroad.
In my country, by around 2010, they will also be able to be used in design, function, production, installation, etc. Produce prefabricated buildings with the above conditions.
For example, a customer who needs to buy a house walks into a real estate company, and the company can quickly assemble a house that meets the requirements.
p>At present, my country's steel production is large and the price is not high, so it can be used in large quantities in the construction market.
If a steel structure is used with gypsum board, light steel keel, rock wool, colored exterior wall panels, plastic steel doors and windows, color steel composite panels and other materials to make a prefabricated house, both in terms of price and In terms of function and comfort, it will be better than the current brick and concrete structure houses.
And now a number of domestic companies such as Vanke and Yuanda Housing have begun to actively promote prefabricated buildings and have achieved certain results.
It seems that prefabricated buildings will be an inevitable trend in the development of housing construction in our country.