1, Introduction
At present, there has been some research on solar energy, but the appearance design of integrated solar water heater residence often goes to two extremes. One is to ignore the equipment of solar water heater when designing, and simply install the required equipment after the facade modeling is completed; The other is just a supplement. Lose the overall balance of the building facade. The solar water heater itself is different from the building, but its work can only be fully demonstrated through the whole building. The organic combination of solar water heater and residential building design is discussed below.
2. Design principles
The form and content of the building (function, material, structure and technology) should be consistent.
The modeling design of integrated house, a solar water heater, should fully consider the characteristics of its residential buildings. First of all, whether it is a high-rise residence or a multi-storey residence, it is composed of suites, with little space, and the plane and facade structures and shapes are generally relatively regular; Secondly, the functionality of the room is limited, with great emphasis on natural lighting and natural wind; Third, the house is limited by the cost, and the outer wall should be as straight as possible. Because of these characteristics, there can be great volume changes in modeling treatment, but it is generally difficult to break the restrictions of unit factors such as floors and sets. In practice, the repetition, increase and decrease of the same elements are often used to achieve artistic effects. From this perspective, the modeling design of residential buildings is more difficult than that of public buildings. But from another perspective, the dominant position of rigorous structure and function in the house is very consistent with the logic and purpose emphasized by technical aesthetics. The integrated design of solar water heater is feasible to express technical aesthetics in residential buildings. Of course, high-rise residential buildings and multi-storey residential buildings have their own characteristics and should be treated differently.
(1) High-rise residential building
The high-rise residence itself marks the achievements of modern science and technology in the field of building engineering, and the integrated design of solar water heaters can complement each other. Because of the density of pipes and households, solar collectors in high-rise buildings are often installed on walls and balconies, and the collectors on the top floor can only provide hot water for the upper floor. So let's talk about vertical use first. Coordination between solar collectors and buildings.
First of all, the concept of verticality can be strengthened by using large-area collectors. High-rise residential buildings in China, especially tower residential buildings, will have some changes in plane, but their physical characteristics are mostly tall and straight. Further strengthening the vertical concept can make it more modern. The heat collectors can be arranged centrally and continuously, or combined with the concave and convex treatment of windows or balconies to form a vertical division, which makes the whole building form a strong sense of rhythm in the vertical direction. The water tank of the solar water heater should be placed indoors as far as possible to avoid damaging the overall effect of the facade. Forced circulation or direct current collector is often used, and the top water pipeline is used.
The utilization of heat collectors can also be reflected in the treatment of residential parts and materials. In recent years, in high-rise residential buildings, special graphics or symbols are often used to strengthen the symbols of the top or concave part to avoid monotonous feeling. Solar collectors have extraordinary colors and textures due to absorbing coatings, and their surfaces are very bright. If it is combined with the elevator room or water tank at the top of the high-rise, it can not only play a decorative role, but also provide domestic hot water for the upper-level residents. In some tropical or subtropical residential areas, large-area glass windows are often used, but they must be equipped with sun-shading components and prominent heat-collecting plates as sun-shading. The shadow it forms increases the contrast between reality and reality of modeling and the level of space.
(2) Multi-storey residence
The integrated design of solar water heaters in multi-storey residential buildings can start from the form and volume. Because solar collectors need to be installed on sloping roofs or walls facing south, it has become the guiding ideology of integrated housing design to strive for as large a physical area and available space as possible. Generally, stepped and semi-grounded designs can be used. The cross section of the whole volume is similar to a step or triangle through the stereo clipping technology.
The integrated design of solar water heater can also express the technical characteristics and modern style with the help of local components. Due to the influence of function, the shape change of multi-storey residential buildings is often limited. At this time, local processing and component form will play an important role.
3. Construction scheme and system selection
The aesthetic principle, technology, structural scheme and system selection of integrated solar water heater residential design are the architect's secondary product design and processing of solar water heater system and the key step to realize "integration". The contents include the selection of installation site and the design of structural scheme, which should not only ensure the working efficiency of solar water heater, but also coordinate with the structure, function and beauty of the house. In order to ensure enough sunshine hours, the possible installation positions of the collector include the roof, the south-facing external wall and the balcony. The different mounting components are discussed below.
(1) Roof position
When the solar water heater is installed on the roof, because of its high position, it can form a natural pressure head, and the pipeline selection is flexible, which can be either a top water type or a drop water type. The corresponding collector types also have greater freedom, such as natural circulation, forced circulation, direct current and so on. Residential buildings have flat roofs and sloping roofs, so it is necessary to focus on the organic combination and connection between solar energy equipment and different roof forms.
As far as the installation of water heater is concerned, the advantage of flat roof is that it is convenient to construct, and the connection technology between collector or bracket and roof structure is less difficult. Moreover, the flat roof can not be seen from the general point of view, so there is no need to consider too much the coordination between the shape of the collector and the facade of the building. Considering that the flat roof can be seen from high-rise buildings or other locations, the collectors only need to be arranged neatly. Solar water heaters installed on sloping roofs can be directly installed on the roofs according to their slopes, or they can be installed with brackets, but they shall not affect the use and beauty of houses. In fact, the sloping roofs of many houses in China are relatively flat. A slightly slower inclination angle is more beneficial to the solar diffuse radiation of the collector, and there is no need to install a separate bracket. Because the normal visual height of the sloping roof is generally visible, the heat collector can enrich its appearance. The disadvantage is that the construction will involve waterproofing, which is relatively complicated in technology.
1) flat roof installation
When the solar water heater is installed on a flat roof, attention should be paid to the plane installation position of the collector. The length of horizontal pipes should be reduced as much as possible, and the heat collector should be placed above the bathroom. The advantage is that the floor here is cast-in-place concrete structure, which is beneficial to the installation of pipes and fixed brackets.
If the user chooses a circulating water heater, the collector must be installed at a certain angle, and the collector must be connected to the roof structure with additional brackets. The thickness of the cold-rolled steel plate of the support shall not be less than 2mm, and the thickness of the stainless steel plate shall not be less than1.5mm. On the roof structure, a 40mm thick concrete rigid waterproof layer may be added on the flexible waterproof layer, and the embedded iron pieces shall be welded or bolted with the support.
If the user chooses the once-through water heater, the collector can be directly installed horizontally above the roof, which reduces the wind load and increases the safety of the system. Moreover, due to the shielding of the collector tube and reflector, the thermal insulation effect of the roof is enhanced, thus reducing the indoor temperature of the top floor of the house in summer and minimizing the thermal bridge effect of structural connection. When debugging, the installer rotates the collector tube according to the local location and natural geographical conditions, and adjusts the angle of the absorber to the best, so as to achieve better heat collection efficiency.
2) Installation of sloping roof
Generally, circulating solar collectors need a certain inclination angle, so it is natural to use the structural gradient of sloping roof. Because there is suspended ceiling space under the sloping roof floor, it can accommodate transverse pipes, and the plane position of the collector can be more flexible.
In the design, it is best to choose a hot water system that separates the collector from the water storage tank, and put the water storage tank in the ceiling, so as to reduce the load on the roof. When using natural circulation, it is required that the collector is not higher than the water level of the water tank; When forced circulation is adopted, there is no such restriction.
On the other hand, a solar water heater with a water collecting tank and a heat collector has appeared in China. Roof-type solar water heater overcomes the shortcomings that a single pipe cannot use hot water at any time for 24 hours and the operation is complicated. Water supply does not require any operation. Usually use hot water when the weather opens. Unique structure, suitable for herringbone roof, low center of gravity, extremely convenient and stable installation. Inclined roof horizontal tube solar water heater is most suitable for inclined roof bungalows or buildings. The shape of the water tank is flat on the sloping roof like a biscuit, which overcomes the shortcomings of high center of gravity and difficult installation of various solar water heaters. Safe and reliable, flat in appearance, neatly and beautifully installed in pieces, it has been installed by a large number of real estate companies. Its uniqueness lies in the integration of water tank and heat collector, which reduces the pipeline cost.
(2) Walls and balconies
Installing a solar water heater on the wall or balcony can reduce the length of the pipeline. For high-rise residential buildings, it is irreplaceable by other installation methods. Moreover, its position is often in the visual focus of the facade, which can become an important factor in the composition of the facade and is more in line with the overall design idea. Because there is not enough height difference from the water end, the system installed on the wall or balcony must adopt the top water pipeline. Moreover, like a sloping roof, try to choose a system where the collector is separated from the water storage tank, which can reduce the probability of falling and injuring people. According to the different conditions of use, the component connection can be divided into fixed and mobile.
1) fixed type
Fixed means that the user will not move the position or angle of the water heater after installation. Therefore, it is required that the collector can achieve better efficiency at the beginning of installation, and will not cause confusion or unsafe factors in the facade. Obviously, the inclined cantilever fixed collector will form unsafe factors mechanically and psychologically. Therefore, under today's technical conditions, a more realistic and feasible scheme is to install a direct-current transverse collector on the vertical wall and a heat pipe or flat plate collector on the balcony railing. The heat collector can be hung under the balcony or window of the external wall of the building, which completely solves many problems that the low-rise residence of high-rise building wants to install but is afraid that the pipeline is too long and the roof cannot be installed. The water tank is hung on the balcony floor or indoor corner. Fully automatic, you can use hot water by turning on the tap. The pipeline is basically not outdoors, so it is not afraid of freezing in winter. Due to the unique patented technology of concentrating light and the convenient conditions of eliminating ash falling on the surface of the collector, the water temperature in winter is much higher than that of the roof type.
2) movable type
Movable connection means that the heat collector can move on the slide rail of the bracket under the control of the user, so that it can stick to the vertical wall or tilt outward to achieve the best heat collection effect. Movable connection is a common way of circulating collector. An ideal situation is to install the bracket above the window, and everything except the bracket can be put away. When in use, the heat collector is placed at a proper position and angle, which can not only collect heat, but also play the role of shading, and is especially suitable for occasions with large solar altitude angle in summer. There are gears on the legs, which can make the collector at the best inclination angle in different seasons. The heat collector can be opened and closed by using the pull rod at the lower end. The disadvantage is that because the heat collector is located at the lintel position on the window, there is not enough space for the water tank on this floor, so the water tank must be placed on the upper floor when natural circulation is adopted. However, if large-scale construction or forced circulation is adopted, the above inconvenience will not be a problem. In addition, the movable connection can also be applied to the outside of the vertical railing or fence of the balcony.
4. Conclusion
The integrated design of residential solar water heater will be obviously different from the existing residential buildings in form and style, and it is unique in different residential buildings, and its unique identifiability is attractive to residents and developers. More importantly, this integrated design represents a new thing, and its future and vitality are limitless.
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