[Keywords:] multinational corporations; R & ampd internationalization; Spillover effect; independent innovation
【 China Library Classification Number 】 f276.7 【 Document Identification Number 】 b 【 Document Number 】 2095-3283 (2012) 07-0058-02
First, multinational corporation R & amp；; D. Overview of internationalization strategy
Multinational corporations appeared in the early 1920s from 65438 to 2009. With the rapid development of economic globalization and new technological revolution, the main body of international competition and international division of labor has gradually evolved from a country to a multinational company. Multinational companies have gone beyond the traditional mode of single factor flow such as international trade, international capital flow and international migration, and formed a new mode of multi-factor comprehensive transfer including capital, technology, management, talent and even industrial transnational transfer. Multinational corporations have become an important force to promote economic growth, international trade, international investment and international technology transfer.
Multinational companies have strong enough market development ability, organizational ability and technology research and development ability. In the era of knowledge economy, most knowledge-related resources exist in a cross-border way, so R&; D activities cannot be confined to the home country, but must cross national boundaries in order to obtain effective information quickly in the new knowledge center. Therefore, in order to maintain its international competitive advantage, multinational companies have adopted R&; Internationalization strategy, R&D and management. Overseas; D. direct investment and establishment of research and development institutions; D branch, establish a global R&D center. D network and transnational r&d activities.
R&D by multinational corporations; D internationalization means that multinational companies transfer their R&D activities to countries and regions outside their home countries and use their scientific and technological resources to carry out R&D activities across borders. From the content of activities, the internationalization of multinational R & ampd includes R&D; Global allocation and research and development of R&D resources; D. international dissemination of achievements. In recent years, multinational companies R&; The trend of internationalization is becoming more and more obvious, and it has gradually become the main source of monopoly advantage of contemporary multinational corporations. This trend is mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1. Multinational companies are developing. D overseas; The number and personnel of D branches are increasing; 2. Overseas R&D expenses are increasing; 3. The functions of overseas R&D institutions are enhanced; 4. Diversification of overseas R&D forms; 5. Overseas applications for patents and inventions have increased rapidly; 6. Overseas research and development; D of multinational corporations; D investment is mainly concentrated in high-tech industries; 7.R& transnational corporations; D. strategic alliances have developed rapidly.
Second, R& multinational companies; spillover effect
(1) research and development; Overflow mode
R & multinational companies; As a special form of foreign direct investment, international investment mainly produces spillover effects through the following five ways:
1. Investment demonstration
Multinational companies conduct R&D overseas; R&D investment can not only bring a lot of R&D achievements. To the host country; D funds to make up for domestic research and development expenses. In the host country; Insufficient investment, and can improve the research and development of the host country; D. Capital investment structure to guide host country enterprises to increase R&D investment; Invest in and optimize research and development; D. improvement of investment structure and research and development; D management plays an exemplary role.
2. Institutional demonstration
Multinational companies have advanced R&D technology, perfect global R&D network, and standardized management mode matching with R&D activities and its R&D network. Their choice of scientific research projects is highly scientific, and they adhere to the market-oriented R&D concept, which will promote R&D in the host country; D institutions play a strong demonstration role in improving management level and developing market-oriented scientific research activities.
3. Competitive stimulus
R & multinational companies; D organization has strong financial strength, excellent R&D equipment, advanced monopoly technology, scientific management mode and favorable treatment for employees. The entry of this R&D system into the host country will definitely break the original balance between the domestic product market and the talent market of the host country, and intensify the competition between the two markets, thus stimulating the enterprises of the host country to increase R&D investment and attach importance to the cultivation of R&D talents to a certain extent, thereby enhancing their technical R&D level and international competitiveness.
4. Cooperation drive
In order to acquire and integrate the unique technological advantages and R&D resources of the host country, and share the fixed costs and risks in the dynamic competition, multinational companies usually cooperate with local enterprises, universities or R&D institutions in the host country in technology or form R&D strategic alliances, and incorporate such cooperation into their global R&D networks. This kind of contact and cooperation has become a link between multinational corporations and local enterprises, which can spread and popularize the advanced technology and management concepts of multinational corporations in the host country, thus driving the host country enterprises and R&; Technological innovation and institutional progress.
5. Talent cultivation
R & multinational companies; D organization attaches great importance to staff training and talent absorption, and regards the improvement of personnel quality as the key to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Multinational corporation R & amp；; With the entry of D organization, its R&D personnel will be gradually localized, and the relevant talents in the host country will have the opportunity to receive training from multinational companies, thus greatly improving the quality of technicians and managers.
(2) research and development; Limitation of d overflow
Although the overseas R&D of multinational corporations; More and more investment, the establishment of research and development centers. In the host country; The number of D institutions is also increasing, and this R&; D investment will have a certain spillover effect on the host country through the above five channels, but this spillover effect is also limited and will be restricted by many factors.
1. Internalization of technology transfer
After the advanced technologies of multinational corporations are successfully developed in overseas R&D institutions, most of them are still transferred to the host country in an internalized way, that is, technology transfer is limited to the parent companies and subsidiaries of multinational corporations, and the key technologies are still in the hands of foreigners. When these technologies are used for a long time and gradually mature, and the enterprises in the host country can imitate and learn, this technology can be widely spread in the host country market without the constraints of the multinational corporation system. Therefore, this kind of diffusion is relatively small, lagging behind and quite difficult.
2. There is synchronous extrusion effect.
The overseas R&D investment of multinational corporations not only brings a certain degree of spillover effect and technology diffusion, but also has synchronous crowding-out effect. On the one hand, the internationalization of R&D of multinational corporations will plunder the scarce R&D resources of the host country, attract a large number of outstanding domestic scientific research talents through extremely high salary and good working environment, thus causing the brain drain of domestic R&D institutions; On the other hand, the overseas R&D cooperation of multinational corporations is rarely concentrated in the high-tech field, and there is a serious technical blockade in high-tech R&D, which leads to the widening technical gap between R&D institutions of multinational corporations and domestic R&D institutions of host countries.
3. The technological foundation and learning ability of enterprises in the host country.
R&D by multinational corporations; The effectiveness of D spillover effect is not only influenced by the internalized technology transfer strategy of multinational companies, but also depends on the technological foundation and learning ability of the host country, especially the acceptance and imitation ability of the host country enterprises and R&D institutions. If the technological foundation level of enterprises and R&D institutions in the host country is low, even the R&D of multinational companies; D investment has spillover effect through system demonstration and personnel flow, and the enterprises and R&D institutions in the host country have no ability to digest and absorb it. It is impossible to establish advanced organization and management mode through imitation, imitate and innovate technology, and finally enhance the strength and independent innovation ability of technology R&D.
Three. Enlightenment to China
Since the reform and opening up, China has implemented the strategy of "technology for market", which has led local enterprises to rely too much on foreign technology, spend a lot of money and resources on introducing technology and purchasing patents, and ignore the training of professional and technical personnel and independent research and development innovation. In addition, the technological foundation of local enterprises in China is relatively weak. Even if advanced technology is introduced from multinational companies, there are great obstacles in technology utilization, digestion and absorption and secondary innovation. At the same time, in the core technology field, China enterprises and R&D institutions are rarely involved, and the achievements of independent R&D and original innovation are even less.
In the face of the failure of R&D internationalization spillover effect of multinational companies in China and many adverse effects on China's technological innovation, China should attach great importance to it and take necessary measures in time. While grasping some technology spillovers brought by R&D internationalization, we should constantly improve relevant policies and regulations to regulate the R&D investment activities of multinational companies in China, constantly improve the national innovation system and take the road of independent innovation.
First, we should correctly handle the relationship between "cooperative research and development" and "independent research and development" and stick to the road of independent innovation. The experience and practice of world economic development show that a country must pay attention to independent innovation if it wants to become a world power. China must strive to improve its own strength through "cooperative research and development" and shorten the gap with developed countries in order to seize a place in high-tech industries.
Second, we should attach importance to research and development and increase investment. In China, both the government and enterprises invest less in R&D, and the proportion of R&D investment in GDP is less than 0.5%, far below the level of 2.5% in developed countries. Therefore, it is necessary to increase R&D investment, broaden R&D investment and financing channels, and build a number of R&D centers with certain scale and strength as soon as possible.
Thirdly, it is necessary to strengthen the interactive effect among universities, scientific research institutions and enterprises in China and improve the conversion rate of scientific research results, thus effectively promoting China's independent R&D and innovation.
[References]?
[1] Xue, Wang Hui. Globalization of technological innovation of multinational corporations and its theoretical explanation [J]. World Economic Guide 2004 (4).
[2], Zhu Xinqiu, Zhang U.R. &; The Impact of Internationalization on the Development of China's Technological Innovation Capability [J]. Science and Technology Entrepreneurship, 2006(4).
(Editor: Dong Bowen)