In fact, Volt was not the first person to invent the battery. His invention is the voltaic cell.
Development history of batteries
In ancient times, humans may have been constantly studying and experimenting with such things as electricity. 1932 a pottery bottle thought to be thousands of years old was found near Baghdad, Iraq. It has an iron bar inserted in a copper cylinder-it may be used to store static electricity, but the secret of the bottle may never be revealed. Whether the ancestors who made this pottery bottle knew about static electricity or not, it is certain that the ancient Greeks absolutely knew about static electricity. They know that if you rub a piece of amber, you can attract light objects. Aristotle also knows that there is such a thing as a magnet, which is a kind of ore with strong magnetic force and can attract iron and metal. Aristotle
1In the forties and fifties of the 8th century, the improvement of power generation devices and the study of atmospheric electrical phenomena attracted physicists' extensive interest. 1745 kleister of Prussia used wires to lead the electricity generated by friction to the glass bottle with nails. When he touched the nail with his hand, he was hit hard. Perhaps inspired by this discovery, Mei Sen Brock of Leiden University invented the "Leiden bottle" for collecting charges in 1746. He wants to find a way to save electricity, because he sees that the electricity he collects can easily disappear in the air. One day, he hung a bucket in the air, connected the motor, led it out of the bucket with a copper wire and immersed it in a glass bottle filled with water. He asked an assistant to hold a glass bottle in one hand, while Mei Sen Brock shook the motor vigorously. At this time, his assistant accidentally hit the other person's hand with a barrel. He suddenly felt a strong electric shock and cried. Mei Sen Brock then switched places with his assistant and asked him to shake the motor. He held the water bottle in one hand and touched the bucket in the other. In a letter, he described the result of this experiment: "I want to tell you a novel but terrible experimental fact, but I warn you not to repeat this experiment under any circumstances." ..... put the container on my right hand, and I tried to draw sparks from the charged iron column with my other hand. Suddenly, my hand was hit by a powerful blow, which shook my whole body ... my arms and body felt an indescribable sense of terror. Anyway, I thought my life was over. "Although Mei Sen Brock didn't want to do this experiment again, he came to the conclusion that putting a charged body in a glass bottle can save electricity. It was just not clear at that time whether the bottle or the water in the bottle played a role in saving electricity. Later, people called this storage bottle "Leyden bottle", and this experiment was called "Leyden bottle experiment". The discovery of this "electric shock" phenomenon caused a sensation, which greatly increased people's attention to Leyden bottles. Mei Sen Brock's warning had the opposite effect. People are repeating this experiment on a larger scale, and sometimes it becomes an entertainment game. People use Leiden bottles to kill mice by spark discharge, and some people use them to get some alcohol and gunpowder. One of the most spectacular demonstrations was performed by Frenchman Nolette in front of Notre Dame. Nolette invited members of the royal family of French King Louis XV to watch the performance live. He brought 700 monks and arranged them hand in hand in a line. All of them were 900 feet long and about 275 meters long. The parade was spectacular. Let the monk in front hold the Leyden bottle with his hand, and the monk in the back hold the lead wire of the Leyden bottle, and then electrify the Leyden bottle. As a result, 700 monks jumped up almost at the same time because of electric shock, and everyone present was dumbfounded. Nolette explained the great power of electricity to people in a convincing tone. Later, people quickly used electricity in medicine, and the electricity generated by the motor passed through the patient's body to treat hemiplegia, neuralgia and other diseases. This therapy has been used until people understand the function of electricity. 1786, when Italian anatomist Gavagni dissected a frog, he accidentally touched the frog's thigh with different metal instruments in his hand, and the muscles of the frog's leg twitched immediately, as if stimulated by electric current, but only one metal instrument touched the frog, but there was no such reaction. Galvani believes that this phenomenon is due to a kind of electricity generated in animals, which he calls "bioelectricity". 179 1 year, Gavagni wrote a paper about the experimental results, which was published in academic circles. Galvani's discovery aroused great interest of physicists, who competed to repeat the experiment of flail Vanni, trying to find a way to generate current. After many experiments, Italian physicist Volt thinks that Galvani's bioelectricity theory is incorrect. The reason why frog muscle can generate current is probably that some liquid in the muscle is working. To prove his point, Volt immersed two different kinds of metal sheets in different solutions for experiments. It is found that as long as one of the two kinds of metal sheets reacts with the solution, an electric current can be generated between the metal sheets. 1799, Volt immersed a zinc plate and a silver plate in salt water, and found that a current passed through the wire connecting the two metals. So he put many pieces of flannel or paper soaked in salt water between zinc and silver, and then folded them flat. When you touch both ends with your hands, you will feel a strong current stimulus. Volt successfully manufactured the world's first battery-"Volt reactor" in this way. This "volt stack" is actually a series battery pack. It became the power supply for early electrical experiments and telegrams. In order to prove that his great discovery was correct, Volt decided to know more about the source of electricity. One day, he took out a piece of tin and a silver coin, put them on his tongue, and then asked his assistant to connect them with metal wires. Suddenly, he felt a sour taste in his mouth. Then, he exchanged silver coins and tin pieces. Volt felt salty when the assistant connected the wire. Italian physicist Volt repeated galvani's experiment many times. As a physicist, his attention is mainly focused on those two metals, not on the frog's nerves. For the frog leg twitching phenomenon discovered by Gavagni, he thought it might be related to electricity, but he thought that the frog's muscles and nerves had no electricity. He speculated that the current may be caused by the contact of two different metals, whether they are in contact with living or dead animals. Experiments have proved that as long as hard paper, linen, leather or other spongy things soaked in salt water or alkaline water are separated between two kinds of metal sheets (which he thinks is a necessary condition for the success of the experiment), the paintings of galvanic experiments can be restored with metal wires.
Two pieces of metal are connected together, and whether there is a frog's muscle or not, an electric current will flow. This shows that electricity is not generated from the frog's tissue, and the frog's leg is only equivalent to a very sensitive electroscope. 1836, Daniel of England improved the "buried pile". He used dilute sulfuric acid as electrolyte to solve the problem of battery polarization and made the first unpolarized zinc-copper battery, also known as "Daniel battery". Since then, "Bunsen battery" and "Grove battery" with better depolarization effect have appeared one after another. However, these batteries all have the problem that the voltage decreases with the extension of service time. 1860, Plante of France invented a battery with lead as the electrode. This kind of battery is unique in that when the battery is used for a period of time to reduce the voltage, it can be energized with reverse current to increase the battery voltage. Because this kind of battery can be used repeatedly, it is called "storage battery". However, no matter what kind of battery needs to be filled with liquid between two metal plates, it is very inconvenient to carry, especially the liquid used by the battery is sulfuric acid, which is very dangerous when moving. Also in 1860, Reckling invented the precursor of the battery (carbon-zinc battery) which is widely used in the world. Its negative electrode is an alloy rod of zinc and mercury (the negative electrode of zinc volt prototype battery, which has been proved to be one of the best metals as negative electrode materials), while its positive electrode is a mixture of crushed manganese dioxide and carbon in a porous cup. A carbon rod is inserted into this mixture as a current collector. Both the negative electrode rod and the positive electrode cup are immersed in ammonium chloride solution as electrolyte. This system is called "wet battery". Although the battery made in Reckling is simple but cheap, it was not until 1880 that the battery invented by Reckling was replaced by the improved "dry battery".
. The negative electrode was improved into a zinc can (that is, the shell of the battery), and the electrolyte became paste instead of liquid. Basically, this is what we now know as a carbon-zinc battery. 1887, Englishman Hellesen invented the earliest dry battery. The electrolyte of dry battery is paste-like, does not leak and is easy to carry, so it has been widely used. 1890 Thomas Edison invented rechargeable iron-nickel battery 1896 mass-produced dry battery 1896 invented D-type battery; 1899 wald mar Jungner invented nickel-cadmium battery; 19 10 commercial rechargeable iron-nickel battery. 19 1 1 China builds a factory to produce dry batteries and lead-acid batteries (battery factory of Shanghai Ministry of Communications) 19 14 Thomas Edison invents alkaline batteries; 1934 Schlecht and Akermann invented sintered plates for nickel-cadmium batteries; On 1986, Neumann developed a sealed Ni-Cd battery. 1949 Lew Urry developed a small alkaline battery at +0954 Gerald Pearson. Calvin Fuller and Darryl Chapin developed solar cells. 1956 strength. The first 9-volt battery was made. 1956 China built the first nickel-cadmium battery factory (Fengyun Equipment Factory (755 Factory)) around 1960 Union Carbide Company. Commercially produced alkaline electricity. Pool, China began to study alkaline batteries (jointly developed by Xi 'an Tsinghua Factory and other three companies). Maintenance-free lead-acid batteries appear around 1970. Primary lithium batteries were put into practical use around 1970. Scientists at Philips Research Institute invented the Ni-MH battery around 1976. The stable alloy for Ni-MH battery was developed around 1980. 438+0983 China began to study Ni-MH battery (Nankai University) 1987 China improved Ni-Cd battery technology, using foamed nickel, the battery capacity increased by 40%. Before 1987, China commercialized the primary lithium battery 1989, and the research of nickel-hydrogen battery in China was included in the national plan 1990, and angle (chewing gum) battery appeared.
Commercial production of Ni-MH battery 1990. 199 1 year or so Sony. Karl Kordesch, Josef Gsellmann and Klaus Tomantschger obtained the patent of alkaline rechargeable battery 1992 Battery Technologies, Inc. produced alkaline rechargeable battery 1995, and the commercial production of nickel-hydrogen battery in China has begun to take shape 1999. In 2000, rechargeable lithium polymer battery was commercially produced, and after 2000, fuel cells were produced.