-The Declaration of Independence
Material 2: The electors of each state should have the qualifications required by the electors of the representatives of that state. The direct tax on the number of members of the House of Representatives should be distributed among the states under the jurisdiction of the United States according to the population, including all citizens and three-fifths of citizens. It also includes people who have served for several years, but Indians who have not been taxed are not counted. )
-Constitution of the United States of America
Answer:
(1) What is the historical significance of the release of the Declaration of Independence? What theory is embodied in European enlightenment thinkers?
(2) Compared with the Declaration of Independence, how conservative is 1787 Constitution?
22. Read the following materials
Material 1. Historically, * * * harmonious system only existed in city-states (such as Athens * * * Greek Republic). Once the territory is expanded, the centralized government will develop into an imperial system.
Material 2. 1776 When the Declaration of Independence announced the birth of the United States of America, 13 states formed a loose alliance. The central government has little power and no head of state. It is only a coordinating body among 13 independent sovereign countries. It has no national laws and army, and has no right to levy taxes on States and stipulate business activities. Every country enjoys independence and sovereignty. They collect taxes, recruit soldiers, issue currency and formulate their own foreign trade policies. Washington compared it to "a rope wrapped in sand."
Material 3. American historian J. Lum said: "The Constitution drafted in Philadelphia in 1787 was the greatest creative victory in the experimental period. ..... After the War of Independence, people initially opposed the monarchy and aristocratic politics. As a result, Americans have established some weak chief executives. In the state government, the House of Lords does not play a role, and the new constitution proposes a powerful executive head and a Senate with the same power as the House of Representatives. ..... The whole world says that it is impossible for a country as big as the United States to establish a * * * system. ..... But there has emerged a new type of * * * republic, a government that is still accountable to the people, and a federation in which its people are United not as opposing citizens but as equal citizens of a country, even though its territory and population have expanded by 10 times. "
-American History Volume I Business Edition 1995 Page P2 13-2 15
(1) According to the material 3 and the knowledge learned, point out which period the starting and ending time of the "experimental period" mentioned in the material 3 probably refers to.
(2) According to Material 2, what disadvantages do you think existed at the beginning of the founding of the United States?
(3) Why do people generally think that it is impossible for a country as big as the United States to establish a * * * system?
(4) According to the above materials, what do you think is the biggest problem facing the United States at the beginning of its founding?
(5) From 1787 to 1789, how did the United States solve this biggest problem?
(6) Explain the reasons for the success of the establishment of American political system and its influence on Europe and the world by combining historical facts.
23. Read the following materials
Material 1. Britain is the birthplace of modern constitution, which is often called the "mother of modern constitution" ... The British constitution does not systematically and centrally stipulate the basic systems and principles of the country in written documents, but is stipulated by many constitutional laws, constitutional practices and precedents ... Therefore, the British constitution is called "unwritten law".
-History of foreign legal systems
Material 2. The American Constitution is a milestone in the history of human legal system. Its formulation is to turn Europe's thinking on rational politics from the Renaissance and the Enlightenment into a realistic political principle, so that these great ideas can be carried forward in political practice.
-History of Western Political System
Material 3. There are 12 constitutions in modern France ... it is rare for them to change their constitutions so frequently ... but most of them accepted the influence of the Great Revolution and reflected and consolidated the achievements of the French Revolution to varying degrees. Many constitutions also use the declaration as a preface or confirm its basic content.
-History of foreign legal systems
Material 4. The sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to the whole nation; All ethnic groups in China are equal ... citizens have the right to vote and stand for election.
-Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
(1) Material 1 points out that constitutional law is an important part of unwritten British Constitution. Please name a British constitution that you are most familiar with and comment briefly.
(2) According to the second document, point out how you evaluate the US 1787 Constitution.
(3) Which historical document does the declaration mentioned in Material 3 refer to? Why do many French constitutions use the declaration as a preface or confirm the basic content of the declaration?
(4) Please make a brief comment on the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China in combination with the contents in Material 4?
24. Read the following materials
Material 1 ... bills passed by the house of representatives and the Senate must be submitted to the president of the United States before they become law; If the president approves it, he must sign it; If he doesn't approve it, he shall return it together with his objection to the house that originally proposed the case, which shall ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. If ... two-thirds of the members of the hospital still agree to pass the bill, the hospital shall send the bill to another hospital for reconsideration together with the opposition. If the other house also passes by a two-thirds majority, the bill will become law. ..... the executive power was granted to the President of the United States. The term of office of the president is four years ... The president has the right to conclude treaties, but he must seek the opinions and consent of the Senate, and two-thirds of the senators present must agree; He has the right to nominate and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls, Supreme Court judges and all other American officials; ..... The judicial power of the United States belongs to the Supreme Court and the lower courts established by Congress from time to time. Judges of the Supreme Court and lower courts should continue to serve if they are loyal to their duties. ...
-US Constitution 1787
Material 2. The Constitution stipulates that the House of Representatives is composed of members elected by the people of each state every two years, and the president is indirectly elected by the people. However, the "people" referred to in the 1787 Constitution does not indiscriminately refer to all people in society, excluding women, blacks and Indians, nor does it include male citizens under 2 1 year old. The constitution replaces "life, freedom and pursuit of happiness" proposed in the Declaration of Independence with "life, freedom and property", which clearly embodies the protection of property.
-[America] Terrence M. Humphrey came to American history.
Material 3 ... Anyone born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction is a citizen of the United States and the state where he lives. No state shall enact or enforce any law that deprives citizens of the United States of privileges or immunities. No state shall be deprived of any life, freedom or property without due process of law; No one under its jurisdiction shall be deprived of equal legal protection.
Answer (1) According to the material 1, how does the US Constitution (1787) embody the principle of checks and balances? 1787 what significant impact has the constitution had on the development of American society?
(2) According to the second document, the main features of 1787 American Constitution are summarized. 1787 why should the constitution amend the relevant contents of the declaration of independence?
(3) What supplement did the amendment to the US Constitution in Material 3 make to the Constitution of 1787? From material one to material three, what is the trend of democratic political construction in the United States?
2 1. The main points of the answer
(1) declared the independence of North America 13 colony, formed a loose intercontinental alliance, and the United States of America came into being. It embodies the natural human rights thought of enlightenment thinkers.
(2) The Declaration of Independence declares that all men are created equal, and the Creator endows people with various powers. However, the constitution of 1787 stipulates that voters should have the qualifications required by the state representatives, and does not recognize that blacks and Indians enjoy equal rights with whites, thus laying the brand of racial discrimination.
22. The main points of the answer
(1) From the publication of the Declaration of Independence to the establishment of the federal government of the United States.
(2) the power of the central government is too small, and the power of the state governments is too large, so it is impossible to form a strong state power to stabilize social order and safeguard national interests and sovereignty.
(3) Historically, the harmonious system of * * * only existed in the polis. Once the region expands, centralization will develop into an imperial system. In a big country like the United States, it is impossible for ordinary people to guarantee harmony.
(4) The centralized government should be used to closely unify 13 countries and ensure the harmony and system of such a big country.
(5) The United States made a constitution from 65438 to 0787. In order to strengthen centralization, the constitution stipulates that the federal government has political, economic, military and diplomatic powers, which strengthens and consolidates the state power. In order to prevent the emergence of dictatorship, the separation of powers is implemented. The Constitution establishes the political system of the United States, stipulates that the president and members of Congress are elected, and guarantees democracy and system. 1789, general elections were held in accordance with the Constitution, and the first federal government was established.
(6) Reasons for success:
The United States has never experienced a feudal society. It is an immigrant country and is rarely influenced by feudal factors. Britain practiced capitalist economic and political rule in North American colonies, and democratic political factors had a certain foundation. Most leaders in the War of Independence were deeply influenced by the European bourgeois enlightenment theory. In particular, Montesquieu's theory of decentralization and checks and balances is highly respected.
Influence: After the United States, France and other European countries established political power through a series of revolutions; Most countries born after the Latin American independence movement also adopt * * * and polity; 19 12 China also established a political system through the Revolution of 1911; The French Declaration of Human Rights and China's Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China are both influenced by American democratic politics to some extent.
23. The main points of the answer
(1) Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is the unwritten law of England, which limits the power of the king, ends the actual sovereignty of the king, and guarantees the legislative, financial, judicial and military power of the parliament. It marks the establishment of British constitutional monarchy.
(2) To evaluate 1787 American Constitution, we should make a concrete historical analysis, affirm its historical position, and expose its hidden class essence. Its progressiveness is mainly manifested in: ① it is more progressive than the feudal autocratic system; (2) The federalism it established strengthened centralization and unification, which was beneficial to the development of American capitalist economy; (3) The principle of "separation of powers and mutual restraint" established by him was progressive under the historical conditions at that time; (4) With its promulgation, the United States practiced the rule of law, which was much better than that under feudal autocracy. (5) It stipulated that scientific and technological inventions should be patented, encouraged scientific and technological inventions, and promoted the development of productive forces. Its main limitations are: abandoning some bourgeois democratic principles put forward in the Declaration of Independence; It retained slavery in the southern plantations; It didn't give the Native American Indians citizenship; Women have no right to vote; It also has some provisions on suppressing the resistance of working people.
(3) Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is a programmatic document of the bourgeois revolution, which affirmed the political ideas in the Enlightenment in legal form.
(4) It is a bourgeois democratic constitution, which is of progressive significance in opposing feudal absolutism.
24. The main points of the answer
(1) checks and balances: bills passed by parliament must be approved by the president; The conclusion of a treaty by the president must be approved by the parliament; Officials, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the President, subject to the consent of the Senate. Impact: a strong federal government has been established; Consolidate the independence and unity of the country; Promoted the development of capitalist economy.
(2) Features: the scope of democracy is relatively small; Attach importance to property protection. Reason: The war of independence has been won, and the development of capitalist economy became the mainstream of society at that time.
(3) Supplement: Give black people fair rights or expand the scope of democracy. Trend: Democracy is ending.