Principles of judging patent infringement

1. principle of universal coverage: It is required that the infringed object or method must have all the features described in the claims, and the lack of any one feature will lead to infringement. This principle emphasizes the comprehensiveness and strictness of patent claims and embodies the full protection of the rights and interests of patentees.

2. Equivalence principle: This principle is a supplement and flexible application to principle of universal coverage. It is pointed out that even if the object or method accused of infringement does not fully conform to the written description of the claim in some aspects, if a substitute equivalent to the patent feature in function and effect can be found in it, it should still be judged as infringement. This principle takes into account the possibility of technological innovation and alternatives, making the scope of patent protection more reasonable and flexible.

3. Redundant designation principle: This principle mainly aims at unnecessary technical features that may exist in patent claims. It holds that even if the product or method accused of infringement lacks some technical features mentioned in the claims, as long as the lack of these features does not affect the integrity and functionality of the whole technical scheme, it should still be judged as infringement. This principle embodies the substantive interpretation of patent claims and avoids unreasonable judgments caused by the lack of unnecessary features.

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