1. Location determines fate
(1) The periodic table of elements looks neat and concise on the one hand, and it is chaotic on the other hand. Only those who really understand the periodic table of elements and understand the principle can read more information from this cold and rigid table.
(2) The element in the 18th column is called noble gas, which is derived from the concept of "atom" put forward by the Greeks.
(3) In 1911, when a Dutch-German scientist used liquid helium to cool mercury, he found that when the temperature was below-268.9 degrees Celsius, the resistance of the system would completely disappear and become an ideal conductor.
(4) The column to the west of noble gas is the most active gas in the periodic table-arsenic gas, and the first column to the west is violent alkali metal.
(5) Scientists have discovered a super acidic substance based on antimony.
(6) Looking at the periodic table horizontally, each element has one more electron than its neighbor on the left. As the volume of the element increases, they will not only fill the electron into the energy level, but also provide different shapes for these electrons. The leftmost element puts the first electron in the spherical S layer, which is very small and can only hold two electrons, so the left two columns are higher than others.
(7) The metal elements in the periodic table will hide the electrons in the D layer in the "interlayer", which makes them less likely to be lost. Therefore, many metals look so similar and have almost the same properties.
(8) Geppert-Meyer proved by experiments that the nucleus is indeed layered. Under these atomic numbers, protons and neutrons are neatly arranged in stable and symmetrical spheres, which explains why oxygen and calcium are so stable and rich.
2. Intimate twins and black sheep: genealogy of elements
(1) The application of the "eight-electron rule" to carbon element makes aggressive atoms and molecules pursue each other, and finally leads to the civilized bonding of amino acids containing carbon element.
(2) In the column of carbon and silicon in the periodic table, from top to bottom, people first discovered carbon as the source of life, then silicon and germanium as the soul of modern electronic industry, then tin, and finally lead which is somewhat harmful to life.
(3) Germanium integrated circuit made in kilby at first makes manual welding automatic, but in the fierce competition market, Germanium lost to silicon with low cost and large output.
3. Cologne Islands on the Periodic Table of Elements
(1) After robert bunsen invented iron oxide hydrate, the antidote to arsenic poisoning, he also invented a spectrometer to distinguish different elements through different color bands.
(2) Mendeleev spent his whole life groping for the properties of known elements in the laboratory. After a deep understanding, he compiled all 62 elements into his columns.
(3) In 1875, lecocq discovered a new color band from minerals, and he named this new element gallium.
(4) Among the seven elements discovered by Terby, six are lanthanides that are missing from Mendeleev's table. If Mendeleev takes another small step to the west and comes to the Cologne Islands on the periodic table, then he may be able to revise the periodic table by himself.
Part II Making Atoms and Destroying Atoms
1. Where do atoms come from: "We are the sons of the stars"
(1) In 1939, scientists in Germany and the United States proved that the sun and other stars produced helium by hydrogen fusion to release heat, and this process would release huge energy.
(2) According to B2FH theory, today's astronomers collectively refer to elements from lithium to iron as "stellar metals". As long as iron is found in a planet, elements with atomic numbers less than iron in the periodic table will inevitably appear.
(3) During the formation of the solar system, gas giant planets were first formed. The actual composition of each star is nothing more than hydrogen and helium, and so is the gas giant planet.
2. Elements in wartime
(1) Bromine was the core of early chemical weapons development, and then a bromine-based tear gas bomb was used in war.
(2) Chlorine has a more irritating smell, which will lead to yellow, green and black poisoning symptoms of human skin.
(3) Molybdenum is added to make weapons to strengthen metals and make weapons more resistant to high temperature.
3. Improve the periodic table ... bang
(1) Mosele's atomic gun makes the chaotic radioactive elements classified and arranged neatly.
(2) In 193s, a research group created new elements to fill the gaps of No.85 and No.87..
4. In the cold war, element
(1)94 of the extended periodic table appeared, and scientists named it plutonium.
(2) In 1952, the research team discovered elements 99 and 1-polonium and americium in a radioactive coral lake after the hydrogen bomb test.
The third part of the puzzle of the cycle first appeared
1. From physics to biology
(1) The exploration of unknown elements has risen to a more precise level. Element 43 is probably the most "first discovered" element in history.
(2) linus pauling's research transcended the well-defined physics and chemistry, and discovered how quantum mechanics acted on chemical bonds, thus discovering the cause of death of sickle cell anemia.
(3) Watson and Crick published the double helix model in Nature in 1953.
2. Poison Association: "Ouch! Hello"
(1) With the production and application of cadmium metal in parts manufacturing, it has caused a "painful disease". However, on the dark side of the periodic table, thallium, the king of poison, which is more toxic than cadmium, has led to a series of serial murders.
(2) However, bismuth is different from the elements around it. It is mild and can even be used as medicine to relieve ulcers.
(3) David Ha was fascinated by dangerous elements (which are also radioactive toxins), and devoted most of his time and energy to tinkering with them, but he didn't get much. Eventually ruined my life.
3. Bring two elements to wake me up in the morning.
(1) Copper has been proved to be the simplest material to improve infrastructure, and it has a "self-disinfection" effect-making metal less likely to breed microorganisms.
(2) Vanadium, the 23rd element, is also the killer of microorganisms and the best spermicide ever. Although it is slightly toxic, it can make blood sugar rise and fall.
(3) Zagreb is more magnetic than other elements, which is very suitable for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It can not only find tumors but also eliminate them, and it may become a new hope of oncology.
(4) Jones was fascinated by the Y2K crisis, so he was worried that there would be a shortage of antibiotics when the apocalypse came, so he made heavy metals by himself and drank the solution containing silver ions for four and a half years, thus becoming the "blue man" of the times.
(5) Pasteur proved that there are two types of tartaric acid, which are identical but mirror images of each other. He revealed that life molecules strongly tend to be single-handed, and he also founded pasteurization.
(6) Mark secretly injected the seriously ill daughter with an industrial dye-Bailang Duoxi. Fortunately, my daughter's condition improved. IGF applied for a drug patent for Bailang Duoxi, but it suffered a fiasco when it went public. It was not until it saved the life of Roosevelt's children that it attracted public attention. Later, scientists found that it was the drug derivative xanthamide that really defeated bacteria.
(7) In the 2th century, drugs to improve morning sickness in pregnant women (benign and effective active ingredients mixed with some molecules with opposite chirality) were developed and sold, but they led to the birth of deformed children. Therefore, thalidomide became the most notorious drug in the 2th century.
(8) Chiral rhodium catalyst was made because of the catalyst of germanium, thus making levodopa medicine, which restored the vitality of patients with Parkinson's disease.
4. Elements can also deceive people
(1) Without nitrogen gas to dilute oxygen gas and absorb heat, the fire in pure oxygen burns faster, which makes NASA astronauts die. Nitrogen, colorless and odorless, can pass through the body's safety system, kill people invisibly, and will not produce any acid in blood vessels.
(2) titanium, which is not needed in the body at all, fascinates blood cells, which will not trigger an immune response at all, and can also fool osteoblasts in the body. Since 1952, titanium has become the standard material for dentures, prosthetic fingers and replaceable joints.
(3) Although a small amount of beryllium is sweet, its toxicity will rise sharply with the increase of dose, which will damage people's lungs and cause chemical pneumonia.
(4) The "sour taste" we taste is only that the taste buds are activated by hydrogen ions, and the taste buds responsible for salty taste are easily influenced by current. Therefore, taste is not a good guide when exploring elements.
(5) Lack of trace element iodine will lead to goiter, a series of physical problems, and even make a smart person stupid.
Part IV Elements and Humanity
1. Elements and Politics
(1) Mary's research on uranium has provided a crucial forward-looking insight in this field: the chemical properties of uranium are separated from its physical properties. Because of this discovery, the Curies and Koehler won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 193.
Madame Curie found and extracted two brand-new elements with radiation intensity higher than any known before from the discarded purification residue. In 1911, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry again.
(2) Irene Joliot-Curie, the daughter of Madame Curie, bombarded light elements with subatomic particles, thus transforming them into artificial radionuclides. This work earned her the Nobel Prize. Due to the leakage of polonium in the laboratory, she received fatal radiation and died of leukemia in 1956.
(3) Hevesy used lead liquid to prove the crime of the landlady and turned on the isotope tracer. He and Koster discovered element 72 for the first time and named it hafnium.
(4) Bohr announced Hevesy's discovery, which inadvertently improved the image of quantum mechanics. A disinformation campaign with ulterior motives began, so the argument originally from science turned into a struggle for sovereignty and territorial factions.
(5) In order to avoid Nazi persecution, Hevesy dissolved Laue and james frank's medals with aqua regia.
(6) polish chemist fayangsi discovered element 91, and named it tuo. With the research of Maitenaz and Wen En, it was found that this name was not worthy of the name, so this element was renamed praseodymium.
(7) In 1934, Enmico Fermi announced that the first transuranic element was created when uranium atoms were bombarded with subatomic particles. In the same year, Madame Curie's daughter Irene discovered a new transuranic element lanthanum. Hann made these sensational discoveries public, and nuclear fission appeared in front of the world.
(8) In 1944, the Royal Swedish Academy gave a retrospective award. The first winner was Hevesy, and Hann won the Nobel Prize alone. An international scientific committee named element 19 after Maitner, giving Maitenaz the honor of exceeding the Nobel Prize.
2. Elements and money
(1) Nature will not give the treasure with both hands easily, so pyrite (ferric oxide) appears to hinder treasure hunters.
(2) In Transylvania in 1782, tellurium, the only element bonded with gold, was separated for the first time.
(3) After Midas ruled for a century, the first real coin (made of silver alloy) was born. Subsequently, King Lydia established the initial monetary system, separated gold and silver, and minted gold and silver coins.
(4) Counterfeit currency manufacturing activities are very popular in those infamous areas in London. After Newton worked for the Royal Mint, the counterfeit currency manufacturing activities were effectively controlled.
(5) Each euro is composed of two euros, and the other one is a holographic logo, which is a direct mapping of the former. Together with other anti-counterfeiting logos, the euro has become the most complicated currency in history.
(6) The most expensive rhodium was made into records to congratulate paul mccartney on its record sales.
(7) Around 1825, chemists extracted aluminum from the hemostatic alum. After many experiments, Hall extracted pure aluminum and sold it to Alcoa Company. With the explosion of aluminum production and sales, he made a fortune.
3. Elements and Art
(1) In 179, strontium was discovered by a doctor, and then Debele picked up the doctor's research and made strontium the first element to be systematically studied.
(2) The Pike 51 series was successfully trial-produced and put on the market, and the response was very good. With the progress of science and technology, the pen as a writing tool was gradually forced to be scrapped.
(3) Lowell (the most outstanding American poet from 195s to 196s) was manic-depressive, so he was treated with an emotional stabilizer-lithium salt, and he got better.
4. Elements and madness
(1) Selenium is an essential trace element for all animals. When it exists in large doses, it is toxic. When cattle eat "crazy grass" containing a lot of selenium, crazy grass disease will occur.
(2) The British navy fleet has a huge shark fangs made of manganese, which paleontologists assert belongs to a kind of shark called Megalodon. With the further study of manganese, the study of Megalodon began to become morbid.
(3) Roentgen tirelessly carried out a lot of analysis work, and informed people of his discovery-Roentgen ray, and put forward reasonable basis to convince people.
Part V: Today and Tomorrow of Elemental Science
1. Chemistry below zero
(1) When the tools of pure tin are cold, white rust spots will quietly climb on their surfaces, and these white rust will further become a large-scale explosive "pustule", which will corrode tin until it is finally broken into powder. The British polar expedition used pure tin as solder, and the fuel leaked in extreme cold, which killed all the expeditions.
(2) Albert Einstein predicted more forms than four substances-different microstructures of particles.
(3) In 1963, scientists made the first krypton compound. After 37 years of frustration, Finnish scientists completed the process of synthesizing argon compounds after 2.
(4) In order to make the reaction happen, solid argon, hydrogen, fluorine gas and highly active catalyst cesium iodide are needed, and timely ultraviolet radiation is also needed, and all of them have to be placed at extremely cold minus 265 degrees Celsius.
(5) In 1957, three scientists discovered that the electrons in superconductors would change themselves at low temperatures. This explanation of superconductors is called BCS theory (named after these three scientists who discovered it).
(6) Einstein proved that light sometimes shows the characteristics of super particles, so he introduced the concept of photon, which is a quantum carrying light energy.
(7) Laser is produced by manipulating light skillfully. Because of its technical characteristics, it is more regarded as an engineering challenge.
(8) Einstein developed the Bose theory and extended it to the whole atomic level. He provided some ways and pointed out that if atoms meet a sufficiently low temperature-one ten thousandth of the critical superconducting temperature, they will condense into a new material form.
2. brilliant