Category: Business/Financial Management
Analysis:
At present, the processing power of CPU is no longer an obstacle restricting the application and development of computers. The most critical restricting factor is human beings. Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Human-computer interaction
It is a technology that studies people, computers and the interaction between them. It is a medium and dialogue interface for transmitting and exchanging information between people and computers. As an intersecting, marginal and comprehensive subject, human-computer interaction is another new and important research field after the focus of competition in the computer industry shifted from hardware to software.
At present, human-computer interaction is developing in the direction of natural and harmonious human-computer interaction technology and user interface. This technical topic will elaborate on the latest development and application status of human-computer interaction from multiple perspectives, including multi-channel user interface, pen user interface, intelligent user interface and various key technologies in three-dimensional interaction, especially for human-computer interaction. The user model, user interface model, multi-channel interactive information integration, pen interaction technology, human-computer interaction software architecture, etc. are explained in depth.
Human-computer interaction technology is complementary to the development of computers. On the one hand, the increase in computer speed makes the realization of human-computer interaction technology possible. On the other hand, human-computer interaction plays a leading role in the development of computers. . It was human-computer interaction technology that created the glorious personal computer era (1980s and 1990s). The mouse and graphical interface played a huge role in promoting the development of PCs.
Human-computer interaction is an important part of computer systems and the focus of competition in the current computer industry. Its quality directly affects the usability and efficiency of computers, and affects the quality and efficiency of people's daily lives and work. The rapid improvement of computer processing speed and performance has not correspondingly improved the user's ability to interact with computers. One of the important reasons is the lack of an efficient and natural human-computer interface that is compatible with it. Human-computer interaction is the core technology of future IT. As China gradually becomes the IT center of the world, China will also become the development center of human-computer interaction technology, and the positive development of human-computer interaction provides opportunities for the take-off of Chinese software. Developing technologies available to civilians and realizing human-centered computing are the goals of computer development in the 21st century.
Human-computer interaction involves many popular computer science and technologies, such as artificial intelligence, natural language processing, usability engineering, multimedia systems, etc., and also absorbs psychology, cognitive science, linguistics, human-computer science, etc. Research results in engineering and sociology.
The evolution of human-computer interaction interface paradigm
With the rapid development of computer technology, human-computer interface technology is also constantly improving: from early punched paper tape, panel switches and display lights and other interactive devices have developed to today’s interactive devices with multiple perceptual capabilities such as eye tracking, voice recognition, and sensory feedback. The development of the user interface has gone through three stages: batch processing, command line, and graphical interface. The current research and development focus has been on the Post-WIMP interface.
● Batch processing interface
In the early days of computer development, people used computers through batch processing. The user interface at this stage used punched cards as input devices and line printers. as an output device. This is just the embryonic stage of the user interface.
● Command line interface
In the early days of computer development, communication between humans and machines was accomplished through machine language, and people used punched paper tape and other methods to communicate with machines. Then assembly language and high-level languages ??appeared, and different levels of natural language features were gradually introduced into these languages, making it easier for people to memorize these languages.
In the interactive terminals and time-sharing systems that appeared in the mid-1960s, we have begun to consider how to provide users with convenient and practical interfaces. These systems provide question-and-answer dialogues, text menus, or command languages ??for interaction. , the human-machine interface of this period was called the Command Line Interface (CLI).
Although people can operate computers flexibly and efficiently after mastering the command language, people usually need to memorize a lot of the language, and it is easy to make mistakes during use.
● Graphical user interface
Since the 1960s, due to the development of very large-scale integrated circuits and the emergence of high-resolution monitors and mice, human-computer interface has entered the graphical user interface (Graphical User Interface, GUI) era. The main features of the graphical user interface are desktop metaphor, WIMP technology, direct manipulation and WYSIWYG.
Desktop metaphor: Interface metaphor (Metaphor) refers to the comparison of interface organization and interaction methods based on things that already exist in the real world. Apply people's knowledge of these things (such as the skills to interact with them) into human-computer interfaces, thereby reducing the cognitive effort required by users. Interface metaphor is the basic idea that guides the design and implementation of user interfaces. The desktop metaphor uses the office desktop as a blueprint. Icons are placed on the screen. Users do not need to type commands. They only need to select the icon with the mouse to bring up a menu, and the user can select the desired option.
WIMP technology: The WIMP interface can be regarded as the second generation of human-machine interface after the command line interface, which is based on graphics. The WIMP interface contains language and culture independence, improves visual search efficiency, and provides richer forms of expression through menus, small decorations (Widgets), etc.
Direct Manipulation: Direct Manipulation User Interface (Direct Manipulation User Interface) was proposed by Schneiderman in 1983. It is characterized by object visualization, syntax minimization and fast semantic feedback. In the form of direct manipulation, the user is the conductor of the action and is in a controlling position, thus gaining complete control over the human-computer interaction process. At the same time, the system's response to the user's operation is also predictable.
What you see is what you get (WYSIWYG): Also known as visual operation, it allows people to get the effect of printing on paper directly on the screen. WYSIWYG provides users with undifferentiated screen display and printed results.
my country’s Human-Computer Interaction Research
The famous International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction ACM SIGCHI’s Workshop “Future User Interface Design Tools” in early 2005 proposed: Research on the next generation of user interfaces should start from It is developed at three levels: paradigm, model and software framework. The meeting also pointed out that three types of user interfaces: Tangible User Interface (TUI), Camera-Based User Interface (CBUI) and Haptic User Interface (HUI) represent the development direction of natural and harmonious human-computer interaction technology and user interfaces.
Domestic research on this technology started late. my country’s 973, 863, and “Tenth Five-Year Plan” all listed human-computer interaction as the main content. The Human-Computer Interaction Technology and Intelligent Information Processing Laboratory of the Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the earliest units to start multi-modal human-computer interaction research and development. It has respectively undertaken the key projects "Natural, Efficient and Mainstream-oriented" funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. "Research on multi-channel (modal) user interface", the sub-topic "Natural and harmonious human-computer interaction theory and method" in the National Key Basic Research Development Plan (973) "Basic Theory, Algorithm and Implementation of Virtual Reality", National 863 High-tech Development Plan "Human-computer interaction technology and application based on multi-modal integration of pen and voice", "User interface based on multi-function pen interaction", "PC-based multi-channel human-computer interaction development environment" , "Three-dimensional interaction technology in virtual reality", etc. Important research results have been achieved and relevant national patents have been applied for.
The National Natural Science Foundation key project "Multi-channel User Interface Research" jointly undertaken by the Institute of Software of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Department of Computer Science of Peking University, and the National Professional Laboratory of Industrial Psychology of Hangzhou University is the first study of intelligent human interfaces in my country. Conducted systematic research on multi-channel interaction methods in machine interfaces, and conducted certain explorations on multi-channel user interface models, description methods and integration algorithms, multi-channel user interface development environment, multi-channel user interface evaluation, etc. Basic research results have been achieved.
The Department of Computer Science of Tsinghua University, the Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Department of Computer Science of Peking University, and the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have also done a lot of work in the directions of intelligent space, pen input user interface, and natural language interaction. The Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Department of Psychology of Zhejiang University, and the Department of Psychology of Beijing Normal University have also conducted research on user interfaces from the perspective of cognitive psychology and have achieved many important research results. Hanwang Technology has launched a handwritten Chinese character recognition system with independent intellectual property rights.