Technology introduction, new westernization movement, regeneration, accumulation and secondary innovation
1 Disadvantages of independent innovation and feasibility of technology introduction
Independent innovation focuses on technological breakthrough and innovation. Based on scientific principles and practical production experience, it is transformed into various technological processes and processing through R&D activities. The key to independent innovation lies in the foundation. It is usually experimental and sexual work to obtain observations and observable facts, without specific business objectives. Due to the low level of basic technology research in China, weak innovation ability of enterprises and slow development, the gap with foreign enterprises is gradually widening. Moreover, basic research is costly and risky. Take the United States as an example, the success rate of basic research in the United States is only 5%, and the success rate of technology is generally only about 50%. Moreover, developing a groundbreaking achievement requires more manpower, material resources and financial resources, which increases the cost of innovation. But considering the long-term interests of enterprises, basic research is particularly important for the survival and development of enterprises. Once an enterprise succeeds in innovation, it must take the lead in technology development, so as to master the core technical secrets of products, thus ensuring the advanced nature in this field in a certain period of time, setting high prices for innovative products and bringing excess profits to enterprises.
Relatively speaking, China is a country with many small and medium-sized enterprises, and there are great difficulties in independent innovation of enterprises, such as the unpredictability of their prospects. To avoid its sharp edge, we can adopt the methods of research and experimental development closely related to business objectives, realize the technological leap of enterprises through product innovation and process innovation, and accumulate rich capital regeneration accumulation for enterprises to gradually realize independent innovation. Secondly, the cost and time of basic research can be saved through technology introduction. Furthermore, in today's globalization and increasingly fierce market, the importance of market share for an enterprise exceeds the importance of long-term and unpredictable basic research to some extent. Because of China enterprises' own reasons, many enterprises do not have the foundation of independent innovation and lose their innate advantages. They make up for the lack of basic research through the introduction of technology, and realize the closest market-oriented link through the research on the use and process methods of new products. In a short time, it can effectively seize the market, carve up market share and achieve the purpose of profit growth.
2 accumulation and transition stage of technology introduction
2. 1 Technology imitation and innovation strategy
This strategy means that enterprises don't mainly research and develop new technologies, but absorb leading core technologies by purchasing and taking results as the purpose, and produce competitive products on the market through digestion and absorption and secondary innovation. This kind of strategic investment is less, the speed of obtaining technology is fast, and the risk is small, which is more suitable for those enterprises with weak technology development and strong production capacity. However, it should be noted that, first of all, technical imitation is not copying, but improving and breaking through on the basis of imitation, such as product use and process design. It is an innovative behavior that comes from behind. Part of its investment is used to digest and absorb the advanced technology of the leader, and the other part is used for special research and further development of the original technology and products. By fully absorbing and improving valuable technologies, we will further explore the market opened by the leaders and embark on a road of innovation and industrialization. At the same time, this innovative strategy can effectively alleviate the shortage of funds for enterprises in China and promote the optimal allocation of resources, thus turning disadvantages into advantages. From this, we can easily see that technological imitation and innovation are the only way to make the transition to independent innovation. To realize independent innovation, an enterprise must have a good imitation as the basis and carry out innovation, increase the proportion of independent innovation in imitation, and finally transition to independent innovation.
2.2 "complementary advantages" strategy, that is, taking the road of combining Industry-University-Research.
The strategy of "complementary advantages" refers to the joint innovation behavior among enterprises, scientific research institutions and universities, and it is the road to transform the achievements of scientific research institutions and universities into productive forces through the production activities of enterprises and realize industrialization. The dependence of China enterprises on foreign technology is as high as 50%, while that of developed countries is below 30%. Only about 5% in the United States and Japan. An important reason for this phenomenon is that some enterprises have not found the demand point of integration with industrialization, and the two sides are tit for tat in direction. Take the road of combining Industry-University-Research and make full use of the technological advantages of scientific research institutions and institutions of higher learning to serve enterprises. In China, most innovative resources are separated from enterprises and concentrated in scientific research institutions and universities. On the other hand, most enterprises in China do not have their own specialized technology development institutions. What scientific research institutes lack is the industrialization and marketization of scientific and technological achievements, and what enterprises need is scientific and technological achievements. The combination of the two can complement each other and is of great significance. In this way, resources can be effectively integrated in the regional scope, even in the global scope, making full use of various resources, realizing resource sharing and complementary advantages, greatly reducing repeated investment and waste, and enterprises can learn from each other's strong points, thus improving their competitive position in the market and technology and realizing the performance of "1+ 1 >: 2".
3 China's enterprises in the process of technology introduction problems and countermeasures
China enterprises mainly have the following shortcomings in technology introduction: First, the coping strategies only focus on the quantity of introduction, while ignoring the requirements for technology quality. A large number of facts show that the introduction of backward or low value-added technologies accounts for a large proportion, resulting in a "secondary waste" of resources; Secondly, the structure of technology introduction is unreasonable, and hardware is more important than software. In the turnover of technology introduction, the proportion of hardware such as complete sets of equipment far exceeds the proportion of software such as technology licensing, patents, consulting and technical services, resulting in uncoordinated collocation of software and hardware. Although this imported structure can quickly improve the technical level of products in a short period of time, it is not conducive to the "hematopoietic" of China's scientific and technological progress; Thirdly, repeated introduction is serious, digestion and absorption ability is weak, and innovation is difficult. Due to the asymmetry of information and the imperfection of the unified and coordinated introduction mechanism, Chinese enterprises ignore the mutual coordination and cooperation when introducing technology, which often leads to the fact that similar foreign technologies can appear in several Chinese enterprises at the same time, resulting in repeated waste of financial resources. "Emphasis on introduction, light on innovation", the introduction of some technologies only stays in use, while ignoring the improvement and innovation of their product uses and processes, which will form a vicious circle of "introduction-production-re-introduction-reproduction", which is not conducive to the improvement of enterprise innovation ability, and the accumulation and experience of independent innovation can not be discussed.
Due to China's large population and relatively weak foundation, especially in today's socialist marketization, the main market players are small and medium-sized enterprises that lack capital and technology, and it is still very difficult to implement independent innovation, which requires our enterprises to adopt the policy of "doing something and not doing something" and take the road suitable for China's national conditions.
3. 1 Strengthen the construction of a national innovation system with enterprises as the main body.
National innovation system is the foundation of sustainable economic and social development, an important pillar and solid backing of China's comprehensive national strength and international competitiveness, and is crucial for cultivating innovation ability and accelerating the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. To strengthen the construction of national innovation system, the key point is to build a system of scientific and technological achievements with scientific research institutions and universities as the core and a system of technological innovation with the combination of enterprises and scientific research institutions as the core. It is not difficult to see from the figure that the national innovation system is the result of interaction, cooperation and innovation between the development, production and marketing departments within the enterprise and the scientific research institutions, universities, government departments and intermediary platforms outside the enterprise. ① Enterprises are the main body of the national innovation system, and their technological innovation capability is the foundation of the national technological innovation capability. The optimization of resource allocation and industrial upgrading also depend on the technological progress of enterprises and the improvement of market competitiveness. Enterprises develop technologies with independent intellectual property rights through their own or inter-enterprise research and development, and at the same time quickly transform technological innovation achievements into productive forces to realize industrialization and large-scale operation of enterprises. Scientific research institutions and institutions of higher learning are the main undertakers of basic research on technological innovation, and should give full play to the role of basic research and development. On the one hand, they can provide technical resources and basic knowledge that can be transformed into productive forces, on the other hand, they can provide necessary technical skills and knowledge for technological innovation and cultivate transformed human resources. ③ Accelerate the transformation of government functions. The government should shift from market intervention to macro-control, create a good environment, provide information and policies, and realize exchanges and cooperation among various actors. (4) Intermediary platform is an important bridge between small and medium-sized enterprises, scientific research institutions and universities to communicate knowledge and technological innovation, and it is also an important way to promote the leap of knowledge and technology.
3.2 Build an information platform for technology introduction
Information intelligence refers to the market information obtained through legal channels, which has become the basis for guiding enterprise decision-making after professional data collation and processing. As China's technical informatization is still in the primary mode, there is a lack of professional organizations or institutions to promote it in an orderly manner in terms of concepts, technical differences and experience limitations. , causing some enterprises to misunderstand information and intelligence, and their motives are biased. The collected information is often asymmetric with the actual information, which may lay a hidden danger for future technology introduction. To this end, China must establish a comprehensive and effective scientific and technological information network and national and enterprise-level technical information professional institutions, so that enterprises can monitor their opponents through in-depth information such as international sellers' sales behavior, sellers' export situation, detailed background information, transaction times, credit rating, distribution and stability of goods sold. By strengthening the analysis, sorting and processing of the collected scientific and technological information, on the one hand, we can make scientific enterprise decisions and make the best choice for the scheme of technology introduction; On the other hand, it can avoid the loss of its own buyers and open up new markets. More importantly, it can improve the competitiveness of enterprises and occupy the commanding heights of the market by discovering new technologies in the world in time and introducing them as soon as possible.
3.3 accelerate the formation of scientific and technological talents and technical personnel training mechanism.
Judging from the distribution of scientific and technological personnel in enterprises around the world, more than 50% of scientific and technological personnel in developed countries are concentrated in enterprises, and as high as 75.4% in the United States. Japan and Britain are 64.8% and 68.5% respectively. It is this high concentration of enterprises that ensures the leading position of enterprises in technological innovation. However, China only accounts for about 30%, and the input of scientific and technological personnel is not strong, which makes the achievements of scientific and technological innovation in China difficult. At the same time, China lacks a large number of skilled workers. The "shortage of skilled workers" has reached the upgrading of our products and technologies. While introducing technology, we should also strengthen the training of technical personnel. The state should strengthen the construction of higher education, especially establish a perfect training mechanism for professional and technical personnel, and enterprises should carry out internal staff education and training with enterprises as the main body. Both countries and enterprises should actively explore the training mode of combining teaching with enterprise interaction, and Japan is our example.
3.4 Enhance the secondary innovation ability of enterprises
Deepen the virtuous cycle mechanism of "digestion-absorption-innovation". After the introduction of technology, we must pay attention to the digestion and innovation of the imported technology, combine the imported technology with our own scientific research, and truly realize the localization of foreign technology by imitating the integration of organizations and cultural atmosphere with regional and industrial characteristics in manufacturing, and realize the localization of products instead of imports. Then, after the technology has accumulated to a certain extent, we will improve and innovate, study new technologies and develop new products, and finally realize the "going out" strategy. At the same time, in the process of technology introduction, we should pay attention to strengthening the training of technicians and operators, combine introduction with innovation, and transform the old technologies of China enterprises with imported knowledge and technology to rejuvenate them.
1 Wang Dianju. Qi Ershi. Introduction to technological innovation [M]. Tianjin: Tian
Tianjin University Press, 2003
Chen Guohong. Economic Globalization and China's Science and Technology Development Strategy
[M]。 Beijing Economic Science Press 2002