1.UCSF and Stanford University issued the license for the100th recombinant DNA patent. Before 199 1 fiscal year, two schools had earned 40 million dollars from this patent.
2.Actimmune (interferon microgram-1b) was approved for the treatment of chronic intrabud diseases.
3.Adagen (adenine nucleoside deaminase) is approved for the treatment of severe immunodeficiency complications.
4.Calgene successfully completed the first field planting experiment of cotton crops designed at the gene level, and the plant was designed to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil.
The US Food and Drug Administration allowed Kay Long Xing to carry out hepatitis C antibody testing to help ensure the purity of blood bank products.
6. Michael Fromm, a molecular biologist at the Plant Gene Expression Center, reported that high-speed gene gun can stably transform maize.
7. Mary Claire King, an epidemiologist in Berkeley, reported that the incidence of breast cancer-related genes in breast cancer families was high before the age of 45.
8.GenPharm International Company produced the first transgenic cow, which provided milk containing human milk protein for infants.
9. The first gene therapy took place in a 4-year-old girl with immune system disorder. The obvious effect of treatment has aroused heated discussion on ethics in academic circles and media.
10. Human Genome Project-Mapping the expression profiles of all genes, which will be fully launched in the world, and the estimated cost is1300 million US dollars. 1990 officially launched the human genome project.
1 1. Michael Creighton published in the New Jurassic Park that dinosaurs made by bioengineering wandered in the theme park, but the experiment went wrong, leading to fatal results.
199 1
1. The famous reference book "The Law of Mendel's Inheritance in Human Beings" can be obtained instantly on the computer network, and the catalogue lists 5,600 genes that are considered to have well verified the law of Mendel's inheritance.
2. Mary Claire king of the University of California, Berkeley analyzed the chromosomes of women who are susceptible to gene family, and found that the gene on chromosome 17 led to the inheritance of breast cancer and increased the risk of ovarian cancer.
1992
1. The U.S. Army began to collect blood and tissue samples of new recruits as part of the "genetic identity marker" to better identify the identities of soldiers killed in battle.
2. Scientists in the United States and Britain have disclosed the technology of finding genetic variation in IVF, such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia.
1993
1.Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for inventing polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
2. For the first time in 20 years, Kai Long Xing Betaseron was approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
The US Food and Drug Administration claims that foods designed at the genetic level are "not inherently dangerous", so there is no need for special rules to restrict them.
4. The Biotechnology Industry Organization was established on the basis of merging two smaller trade unions.
Researchers at George Washington University cloned human embryos and survived in Petri dishes for several days.
6. Bioengineering has aroused protests from ethnologists, politicians and critics.
7. The research team led by daniel cohen of the Paris Centre for Human Studies completed the rough atlas of all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.
8. Genentech spent $654.38+0 billion to launch a national communication network program called "The Gate to Excellence", aiming at making biology teachers in senior high schools as excellent as experts.
1994
1. The first genetically modified food-yellow tomato-was approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
2. Nutropin from 2. Genentech was approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.
3. Found the first breast cancer gene.
4.BRCA 1 gene was previously thought to exist only in rare familial breast cancer, but now it seems to play an important role in many non-hereditary breast cancers.
A large number of human genes have been identified and their functions have been determined. These genes include: A.Ob, obesity gene, B.BCR, breast cancer susceptibility gene C.BCL-2, apoptosis-related gene "hedgehog" gene (named because of its shape, its protein products can lead to cell differences in aging organs) D.VPR-a gene that controls HIV reproduction.
6. Related research on genetic diseases: bipolar disorder, azure cataract, melanoma, hearing loss, dyslexia, thyroid cancer, sudden infant death syndrome, prostate cancer and dwarfism.
7. Gene researchers successfully transplanted CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) into the intestine of mice. This will be an important step in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. The researchers claimed that CFTR was transplanted into human body by liposome method and achieved initial success.
8. Last year, the genetically engineered human DNA enzyme was approved for use, which can break the protein deposition in the lungs of patients without carriers. This is the first drug to treat cystic fibrosis in 30 years.
9. Another group of researchers reported that antisense oligonucleotides were successfully used for the first time to systematically suppress gene expression.
10. The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Union allow Centocor's ReoPro to be traded in the US and European markets, and CPMP is used for extremely dangerous spherical angioplasty.
11.genzyme ceredase cerezyme (algolucerase/recombinant algolucerase) was approved for1asymmetric diseases.
12. Although rough, the first complete genome-related map of human beings was published).
13. The debate about who owns the genome has greatly increased this year.
14. Scientists and research companies designed a method to access a database containing 35,000 detailed human genes and share the information in the database.
15. Researchers at the University of Texas reported that telomerase leads to the uncontrolled growth of human cells. This discovery can produce many new diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
16. Recombinant GM-CSF was approved for chemically induced neutropenia.
1995
1. A European research team found that a genetic error was the cause of deafness.
2. The researchers of Duke University Medical Center transplanted the heart of transgenic pig into Wisdom Fofo Agbo, which proved that the crossover operation of species was feasible. Subsequently, the brushed bone marrow was successfully transplanted into an AIDS patient for the first time.
3. Sequencing the Haemophilus influenzae in the first living organ, not just the virus.
4.PCR and DNA fingerprinting technology proved that football player O.J. Simpson was innocent in the double homicide, but the results were not convincing.
5. Mainstream religions united again and began to overthrow the existing laws and allow patented genes to be used in medicine and research. The organization also includes controversial and outspoken biotechnology industry critic Jeremy Rifkin.
6. Researchers from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed that Ebola virus appeared after the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in Zaire.
7. Researchers say that RNA is still not considered as the central molecule of the origin of life.
8. Animal experiments show that leptin, a recently discovered protein product of obesity gene, may be the cause of weight loss.
9. A new gene expression profiling technology, STS gene expression profiling, will greatly accelerate the international human genome project.
10. A gene has been identified, which may control the growth and development of all animals' eyes.
1 1. Transgenic mice carrying human Alzheimer's disease were developed.
12. Gene therapy, gene-regulated immune system and genetically engineered antibodies have entered the clinical application of anti-cancer.
1996
1. The British government claimed that 10 people were infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy because of eating beef.
2. The recombinant interferon drug Avonex was approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Scientists reported that a synthetic organ, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts had been sequenced. This work completed the complete sequencing of the largest genome, sequencing more than120,000 base pairs of DNA.
4. The analysis of the small meteorites that reached the Antarctic continent about 654.38+0.5 million years ago angered the most extraordinary scientific discovery, that is, the evidence that there may be life on Mars.
5. Sequencing Archaean creatures found in the depths of submarine active craters at inappropriate temperatures has greatly improved our understanding of the evolution of life on earth. These microorganisms are neither eukaryotes nor prokaryotes.
6. The researchers discovered the key three-dimensional structure of T cell immune system.
7. An inexpensive diagnostic biosensor can be used to detect E.coli E0 157: H7, which caused several outbreaks of blood poisoning.
8. The discovery of Parkinson's disease-related genes provides a new way to study the etiology and possible treatment of neurasthenia.
9. The survey shows that the public has fears and doubts about the research of human genome and gene therapy.
1997
1. Researchers at Roslin Institute in Scotland reported that they cloned Dolly, the first cloned sheep, from ewe cells. Then another cloned sheep, Polly Sheep, was cloned from human genes by nuclear transfer technology.
2. The first generation of artificial human chromosomes.
3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a kind of FSH, which is approved to treat infertility.
A group of researchers in Oregon claimed that they cloned two macaques.
5. The United States Patent Office announced that EST (short DNA sequence fragment, which has an impact on genome expression profile) was allowed to apply for a patent, and important geneticists expressed shock and frustration.
6.Orasure, a blood-free HIV antibody test, was approved.
7. Clock genes are thought to be related to mammalian biological clocks.
8. Using a short piece of DNA and some common biological laboratory techniques, the researchers designed the first DNA computer "hardware": a logical idea determined by DNA.
9. A novel Escherichia coli vaccine for preventing urinary tract infection was developed.
10. The genome of Borrelia burgdorferi, the pathogen of Lyme disease, was completely sequenced together with E.coli and H.pylori..
1 1. The US Food and Drug Administration supports Rituxan, which is the first antibody therapy for cancer.
12. new DNA technology: synthetic PCR, DNA linker and computer design have become new tools to study the causes of diseases.
1998
1. Scientists at the University of Hawaii cloned three generations of mice from the nuclei accumulated in adult ovaries.
2. The US Food and Drug Administration allows the export of RemicadeTM (infliximab), which is a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
3. These two research groups have successfully cultivated embryonic stem cells, which is an important step in molecular biology.
Scientists at Feng Jingen University cloned eight identical calves from cells taken from a cow.
5.HER2neu (Herceptin) can be used as a new antibody to treat breast cancer. This result indicates that the therapy based on molecular tumor cells will enter a new era.
6.Fomivirsen became the first approved therapeutic reagent developed by antisense medical technology.
7. The research on biological products of hunger tumor, including angiostatin and endostatin, was approved for clinical use.
8. The first complete genome sequencing of animal nematodes was completed.
9. The draft human genome has been completed, showing the location of more than 30,000 genes.
1999
1. A new technology based on unique antibody appearance can replace the existing DNA fingerprinting method. This method is simple to operate, which has aroused widespread concern of legal institutions.
2. A new medical diagnostic reagent was approved for rapid detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy/Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy/Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is very rare, but it can be transferred from cattle to human body and lead to diseases that destroy the nervous system.
3. The research continues, at the same time, the ethical discussion is becoming more and more intense. There are 65,438+0,274 biotechnology companies in the United States, at least 300 biopharmaceuticals and vaccines are undergoing clinical trials, and hundreds of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines are under early development. These products include drugs, diagnostic reagents, biological pesticides and genetically modified crops. The human genome is carried out within the budget time, and it is expected that the expression profile of all human genes will be completed in 5 years or less.