On December 15, 1996, residents of Dacheng Lane in Xicheng District, Beijing, with the help of the non-governmental organization Global Village, began to sort garbage from that day on. The original sorting buckets were purchased by neighborhood committee members with their year-end bonuses. The sorted garbage will be collected and transported by vendors and businesses contacted by the neighborhood committee. Day after day, year after year, the residents never stopped.
Since 1997, some citizens and students in Beijing have also taken action to sort out and collect waste batteries voluntarily and voluntarily. Young volunteers from Renmin University also helped a chain store in Beijing set up waste battery recycling bins. Some universities, primary and secondary schools, and some retired people in Beijing have successively tried to sort garbage. With the help of the confidant sister of China Youth Daily and a female doctor who returned from studying in Germany, these children in the "Hand in Hand Global Village" also built a school with the money exchanged from recycling.
On April 23, 1999, the Jiangong Nanli community in Baizhifang, Xuanwu District was as lively as a festival, and China's first garbage classification and recycling system was officially launched. From this day on, residents will change the way they mix garbage and put it into categories according to organic, inorganic and waste soil. The government environmental sanitation department will change the way they mix it and sort it, sort it and recycle it. It means that the old traditions that have been lost here for many years have finally been picked back.
In 2010, Beijing, China launched more than 700 pilot projects in schools, restaurants and communities, placing waste disposal machines that can burn waste for 90% and decompose the residue into organic fertilizer.
Since 2010, Beijing has gradually implemented garbage classification throughout the city. Data show that in June 2010, the 2,927 communities included in the statistics that implemented garbage classification produced a total of 200,000 tons of domestic waste, but the amount of kitchen waste separated was less than 10% of the actual generation.
From November 18 to December 17, 2010, the "Beijing Domestic Waste Management Regulations (Draft)" was publicly solicited for public opinion, which stipulated that "anyone who fails to comply with the requirements for the classification and management of domestic waste will be punished by the city." The comprehensive management and law enforcement department shall order corrections within a time limit and impose a fine of not less than 20 yuan but not more than 200 yuan on individuals; and a fine of not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 50,000 yuan on units."
On November 18, 2011, the formal regulations were passed by the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress, in which the clause that "failed to sort garbage will result in fines" has been deleted. In this regard, the relevant person in charge of the Municipal Legal Affairs Office once stated that the deletion of this clause fully adopted the opinions of the citizens. The official regulations also state that: This city will gradually establish a domestic waste treatment charging system based on metered charging and classified pricing in accordance with the principles of paying more for more emissions, paying less for less emissions, paying more for mixed waste, and paying less for classified waste. Specific measures shall be formulated by the Municipal People's Government.
The "Beijing Municipal Domestic Waste Management Regulations" that came into effect on March 1, 2012 proposed to gradually establish a domestic waste treatment charging system with metered charges and classified pricing. However, as of now, no specific measures have been introduced.
On May 16, 2013, trash cans of different colors were set up at the garbage collection point in Fujin Jiayuan Community, Huaxiang, Fengtai District. Zaoyuan Beili, located in Huangcun, Daxing, is one of the first garbage classification pilot communities in Beijing. Many people have come here to learn from it. However, on August 29, in this former "star community", sneakers were thrown into multiple kitchen waste trash cans, and other trash cans were filled with fruit peels and other items. On March 25, 2010, Hangzhou City officially launched the garbage classification work. After several years of summary and exploration, the "Hangzhou Model" of garbage classification, which includes garbage classification, collection, transportation and disposal, has been basically established.
Theoretical research on the classification of domestic waste in Hangzhou can be traced back to the 1980s. Since 1983, the Hangzhou Institute of Environmental Health Sciences has been conducting long-term follow-up surveys on the production volume and physical and chemical composition of domestic waste in Hangzhou. It provides basic data and technical support for the formulation of domestic waste classification plans. From 1984 to 1985, based on the physical and chemical composition of domestic waste at that time, the Hangzhou Institute of Environmental Health Sciences carried out research on aerobic composting technology for organic waste, successfully developed rapid high-temperature aerobic composting technology, and obtained a national patent, which was included in the list of Domestic waste treatment promotion project of the Ministry of Construction.
Later, we organized a series of research projects such as "Research on the Classified Collection Model of Urban Domestic Waste in Hangzhou", "Research on the Emission Reduction Plan for Domestic Waste Classification in Hangzhou", "Research and Demonstration of Rural Domestic Waste Classification and Resource Recycling Technology in Hangzhou", in order to promote the improvement of daily life. Lay a theoretical foundation for garbage classification work.
In 2009, Hangzhou's domestic waste generation maintained a growth rate of around 10 for the fourth consecutive year. The annual domestic waste production in the urban area reached 2.3472 million tons/year, with an average daily rate of 6,431 tons/day. The domestic waste disposal method of "mainly landfilling and supplemented by incineration" is unsustainable. A large amount of primary domestic waste enters the landfill, and precious strategic landfill resources are rapidly consumed. At the same time, mass incidents caused by garbage disposal problems continue to occur in sister cities in China, and the construction of a large-scale garbage transfer station in Hangzhou has also been hindered, arousing high vigilance of the municipal party committee and government. It is against this background that in order to resolve the contradiction between the transportation of domestic waste and the construction of transfer stations, on August 10, 2009, Comrade Wang Guoping, the former Secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, proposed the concept of "clean direct transportation of garbage" and no longer build new transfer stations. Subsequently, Officially proposed to promote garbage classification work. In September, the municipal government held a special meeting to clearly propose the overall requirements and work arrangements for domestic waste classification. In February 2010, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government jointly issued the "Implementation Plan for Promoting the Classified Collection and Disposal of Domestic Waste in Hangzhou".
Learning from the basic practices of municipal waste classification at home and abroad, Hangzhou City, based on the principle of "rough classification into major categories, scientific and reasonable, and convenient for the people", finally determined the classification of household waste by publicly soliciting citizens' opinions. It is divided into four categories: recyclables, hazardous waste, kitchen waste, and other waste. A standard system for classifying domestic waste in Hangzhou has been formed.
1. Develop domestic waste classification methods and marking standards. On the basis of national standards, a set of garbage classification signs with Hangzhou characteristics was designed. According to the different characteristics of the four types of garbage, four theme colors of blue, red, green and yellow are used to clearly distinguish them, and the colors, fonts and graphic symbols of large and small signs are stipulated so that the color distinction is obvious and the signs are easy to recognize, making it convenient for citizens Identification and classification for delivery.
2. Develop technical standards for waste classification-related facilities. The "Guidelines for the Construction and Renovation of Domestic Waste Collection Points (Houses) in Hangzhou City" were formulated, and the "General Technical Requirements for Household Garbage Bags for Classification of Domestic Waste in Hangzhou" were formulated, which stipulated the structure, materials, and Appearance, color, volume, size, thickness and other technical requirements and inspection rules, test methods and signs provide the basis for the bidding and procurement of garbage bags. The "Hangzhou Domestic Waste Classified Collection Container Product Technical Requirements" was formulated, which stipulates the technical conditions of classified trash cans, the color, volume, size and marking of the barrels.
3. Formulate a whole-process classification plan of “four classifications and four stages”. According to the classification method and combined with the existing resources in Hangzhou, the four types of waste treatment methods are clarified, focusing on the separation of kitchen waste. Kitchen waste enters the Tianziling landfill for ecological landfill to generate methane for power generation; other waste enters the garbage incineration plant. Incineration to generate electricity; recyclables are recycled and reused through the existing waste recycling system; hazardous waste is included in hazardous waste management for safe disposal; the whole process of classification of "classified placement, classified collection, classified transportation, and classified disposal" is basically realized, making garbage classification work Advance in an orderly manner.
In order to ensure the solid and effective progress of garbage classification work, the municipal party committee and government have provided strong guarantees in terms of policies and funds. On the one hand, policy guarantees are clearly defined. Hangzhou City has issued the "Implementation Opinions on the Classification of Domestic Waste in the Urban Area of ??Hangzhou", "Implementation Measures of the Classification of Domestic Waste in the Urban Area of ??Hangzhou", "Implementation Plan of the Classification and Disposal of Domestic Waste in the Urban Area of ??Hangzhou", "Classified Collection and Disposal of Domestic Waste in the Urban Area of ??Hangzhou" More than 20 policy documents, including "Work Assessment Methods" and "Implementation Opinions on Carrying out Voluntary Service Actions for Waste Sorting", have clarified guiding ideology, working principles, goals and tasks, work responsibilities and financial guarantee measures. Domestic waste classification will also be included in the city's assessment of district urban management objectives. On the other hand, financial guarantee is implemented.
Since the implementation of garbage classification work, the municipal and municipal governments have invested about 60 million yuan in special funds for garbage classification every year, of which more than 10 million yuan has been invested in classification publicity and more than 30 million yuan has been used to support facilities such as classified trash cans and garbage bags. Yuan, and the community work fund is about 20 million Yuan. Each urban district government has implemented corresponding facility support funds in accordance with the 1:1 supporting policy of urban finance to ensure the smooth progress of garbage classification work.
In order to strengthen the organizational leadership of garbage classification work, the Hangzhou Municipal Government has specially established a leading group to promote the classification, collection and disposal of domestic waste in Hangzhou, with the deputy mayor in charge of the municipal government as the team leader and deputy secretary in charge. The leader serves as the deputy team leader and is a member unit of more than 40 departments including the Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, Organization Department, Municipal Urban Management Committee, and Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau. The party committees and governments of each urban district attach great importance to it, and have established corresponding organizational structures and formulated implementation plans to promote the work. Each urban district has also established a contact point system for district chiefs in charge, clarified tasks, implemented responsibilities, and established four-level management at city, district, street, and community. Network, solidly promote the development of garbage classification work. A work team was also established. Based on the professional backbone of city, district, and street urban management, a "hundred-person" teaching team has been established to carry out publicity and training on garbage classification for the entire city. Based on community urban management attendants and sanitation coordinators, a team of "thousands" of instructors has been established to guide residents on-site to sort and dispose of garbage. Together with the Municipal Youth League Committee and the Women's Federation, we recruited enthusiastic citizens to participate and established a team of "10,000" volunteers to enrich community work.
The publicity and mobilization work has been carried out extensively and deeply in a way that is popular with the masses and combines aspects. Strengthen publicity. Actively cooperate with the media to increase the publicity of garbage classification work, track and report on good initiatives and methods in garbage classification in various urban areas, streets, and communities; produce cartoons and public service announcements on garbage classification, and display them on TV stations, buses, and outdoor events Broadcast on screens, building TVs and other carriers; produce and distribute fans, aprons, umbrellas and other promotional materials with garbage classification promotion content to promote garbage classification in simple and easy-to-understand terms. Establish a garbage classification website to exchange work experience. Pay attention to training and education. We will do a good job in graded and layered training and carry out the "one district, one lesson per month" training activity. Through garbage classification training and education, citizen forums, square consultations, on-site exchanges and visits to education bases, we will popularize garbage classification knowledge and clarify the principles of garbage classification. important meaning. Garbage classification knowledge comes to campus. Together with the Municipal Education Bureau, we compiled and printed 200,000 copies of the "Hangzhou Municipal Domestic Waste Classification Comic Book" suitable for kindergarten to grade 3 primary school, 73,000 copies of the "Garbage Classification Knowledge Reader" suitable for grades 4 to 6 of primary school, and 70,000 copies of the reading book suitable for junior high school students. There are 60,000 copies of the reading book for high school students and 6,000 copies of the handmade book "Sending the Garbage Babies Home".
On the basis of unified garbage classification standards, we will brainstorm, work together, and innovate measures to encourage and guide urban districts, streets, and communities to implement unique strategies to improve the effectiveness of garbage classification. 1. Carry out a “real-name system” (“real-household system”) for garbage classification. That is to say, the household house number is posted on the special bag for kitchen garbage to publicize and supervise the classification of residents' garbage. 2. Try “coded garbage bags”. That is, barcodes are printed on each household's kitchen garbage bags, and digital technology is used to track, guide and supervise the quality of classification. 3. Pilot the "garbage does not fall to the ground". That is, in qualified communities, trash cans are cancelled, and residents put garbage directly into classified collection vehicles within specified time periods in the morning and evening. These measures have greatly improved the quality of garbage classification and have also produced good responses from society.
Under the guidance of all-round publicity, Hangzhou citizens have gone from unfamiliarity to familiarity with garbage classification, from not understanding to actively participating. The concept of "garbage must be classified" is being accepted by the general public and has emerged. The concept of "I want to divide" changes to "I want to divide". According to the latest public opinion polls, citizens’ understanding, support and satisfaction with garbage classification have improved compared to before. Among them, 98% of the citizens said they understood the work of garbage classification; 81.15% of the residents believed that the community environment where garbage classification was carried out had been effectively improved; 89.60% of the citizens were satisfied with the government's work in promoting garbage classification; 93% of the citizens supported or relatively supported the work of garbage classification.
The effect of garbage classification is gradually emerging. First, the reduction effect is beginning to appear.
After the implementation of garbage classification, the growth rate of garbage in the main urban area began to slow down. Second, resource utilization is more effective. Physical and chemical analysis of garbage shows that the moisture content of other classified garbage is 29.8, which is 23.5 lower than that of mixed garbage; the calorific value reaches 10,600kj/kg, which is 2.5 times that of mixed garbage, which can greatly improve the efficiency of waste incineration power generation. Third, the environment has been effectively improved. Statistical surveys show that “92.1% of citizens believe that after separate classification of kitchen waste, the most direct feeling is that the odor of garbage in the community has been reduced and the environmental sanitation of the community has been improved.” The operation of the incineration plant has become more stable, the furnace temperature has increased, and pollution Emission standards have been steadily improved.
After several years of practice, Hangzhou City has a deeper understanding of garbage classification, mainly as follows:
(1) Publicity and education is the first step. Publicity and education are very important and play a decisive role in the entire garbage classification work. First, we must tell everyone why and how to classify garbage, so that the public can understand the relevant knowledge of garbage classification, clarify the significance of garbage classification, and enhance their sense of responsibility for garbage classification, so as to Consciously participate in daily garbage sorting activities.
(2) Training and guidance are the foundation. Relying on a professional team of garbage classification teachers to popularize "garbage classification knowledge" to everyone is the basis for promoting garbage classification. Among them, it is particularly important to consolidate and cultivate the knowledge and concepts of garbage classification among community workers, property management personnel and volunteers, and to play their role of persuasion and guidance on site.
(3) Community families are the main body. The community is the specific promoter of garbage classification, and the quality of its role directly affects the success or failure of this work. Community cadres should be encouraged and guided to do their duties, constantly innovate measures, improve work effectiveness, and consciously promote the in-depth work of garbage classification; family members Conscious garbage classification is the key to the success or failure of garbage classification work. We must focus on guiding residents to consciously classify garbage to improve the quality of garbage classification.
(4) Assessment and supervision is a means. As the legal system has not been perfected, there is still no effective means of restricting the behavior of not classifying garbage. It is still an effective method to implement hierarchical assessment and supervision through the city, district, and district to streets. Urban areas, streets and communities should be encouraged to pay attention to garbage classification by improving assessment methods and scientifically setting assessment goals, and strive to make garbage classification true, practical and good.
(5) Persistence is the key. Garbage classification is a long-term social project, and its results are not limited to a certain period of time. "Persistence" is the foundation for achieving the goal of garbage classification. The government should make garbage classification a long-term focus, and only through long-term persistence and unremitting efforts to deepen and promote garbage classification can we build public confidence in "garbage classification." On April 7, 2011, the "Interim Provisions on the Classification and Management of Municipal Domestic Waste in Guangzhou" was officially implemented. Guangzhou has become the first city in China to legislate and implement the classification of municipal solid waste. The goal of this work is to strive for a garbage classification rate of 50, a resource recovery rate of 16, a resource treatment rate of 90, a terminal treatment rate of less than 75, and a harmless treatment rate of 85. A complete garbage classification will be established in 2012 Collection and processing system. According to the "Regulations", Guangzhou's domestic waste is divided into four categories: recyclables, food waste, hazardous waste and other waste. Waste classification will run through the entire process of waste generation, placement, collection, transportation and processing.
On July 19, 2012, the Guangzhou Municipal Urban Management Committee announced the deadline for all streets and towns to fully implement domestic waste classification. Among them, 131 streets in the city are by the end of 2012, and the remaining 35 towns are by the end of 2013. forward. At the same time, the Municipal Urban Management Committee also requires that it takes two years to establish a complete domestic waste classification collection, transportation and processing system in the city.
Based on the goal of “achieving a breakthrough in waste treatment within three years”, Guangzhou has also formulated a detailed implementation plan.
In 2012, Class A will be built as a demonstration area for domestic waste classification, and domestic waste classification will reach the promotion and popularization stage, with 50 streets reaching the full implementation stage; Class B will complete the whole street promotion task, and domestic waste classification will reach the primary stage of promotion, of which 30 of streets have reached the promotion and popularization stage; Category C, domestic waste classification will be comprehensively promoted by the end of the year, and domestic waste classification has reached the initial stage of promotion, of which 20 streets have reached the primary stage of promotion; Category D, domestic waste classification promotion will be carried out, and township domestic waste classification pilots will be carried out .
In 2013, domestic waste classification was comprehensively carried out in both urban and rural areas of the city. For the 16 streets in Category A, 80% of them have entered the full implementation stage; in Category B, 50% of the streets have reached the popularization stage or above; in Category C, 30% of the streets have reached the primary stage of promotion or above; in Category D, 100% of the towns have begun to promote domestic waste By classification, 50% of the towns have reached or above the initial stage of promotion.
It is understood that by 2015, all Class A and B streets will have reached the full implementation stage and built into demonstration areas; half of the streets in Class C will have reached the popularization stage or above, and all towns in Class D will have reached the initial stage of promotion. stage or above. In 1999, the Shanghai Municipal Appearance and Environmental Sanitation Administration compiled the "Implementation Plan for Classified Collection and Disposal of Domestic Waste in Shanghai". The report for the first time determined the standards for classifying domestic waste according to "organic waste", "inorganic waste" and "toxic and hazardous waste". , the advancement of garbage classification work began. In 2010, Shanghai issued the "Notice of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government on Issuing Several Opinions on Further Strengthening Domestic Waste Management in the City" (Hu Fu Fa [2010] No. 9), clearly promoting the entire process of household waste classification. In January 2012, the Shanghai Municipal Construction and Transportation Commission and the Municipal Greening and City Appearance Bureau jointly issued the "Notice on Issuing the Guidelines for the Configuration of Equipment for Shanghai Urban Domestic Waste Classification Facilities (Trial)" (Shanghai Construction and Transportation Co., Ltd. [2012] No. 27 ), clarifying classification standards, collection container settings, classification identification and other specifications. In February 2014, the Shanghai Municipal Government issued the "Shanghai Measures for Promoting Domestic Waste Classification and Reduction" (Shanghai Fu Order [2012] No. 14) (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures"), which established new domestic waste classification standards. The formulation and implementation of the "Measures" means that Shanghai's garbage classification and reduction work has entered a new stage of legalization.