Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Polish: Maria Sk? Odowska-Curie (1867165438+1October 7-1July 4, 934) is usually called Marie Curie (French) or Madame Curie (Mad).
She is a pioneer in radioactive research, the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes (physics and chemistry), and the only woman who has won two different Nobel Prizes in science. She is the first female professor at the University of Paris.
From 65438 to 0995, she and her husband pierre curie were buried in the Pantheon, becoming the first woman to be buried in the Pantheon with her own achievements.
Marie Curie was originally named Maria Skodovska (Maria Salo Meske? Odowska) was born in Warsaw, the kingdom of Polish Convention under the rule of Russian Empire at that time, which is now the capital of Poland. She studied at Warsaw Underground Flight University and began to receive real scientific training.
She lived in Warsaw until she was 24 years old. In189/kloc-0, she went to Paris to study with her sister Bronis. She got her degree in Paris and stayed in Paris to do research after graduation. 1903, she won the nobel prize in physics with her husband pierre curie and Henry Bekkerel,191year, and she won the nobel prize in chemistry for her achievements in radiochemistry.
Marie Curie's achievements include the creation of the theory of radioactivity, which she invented. She invented the technology of separating radioactive isotopes and discovered two new elements: polonium (Po) and radium (Ra).
Under her guidance, people used radioisotopes to treat tumors for the first time. She established the Curie Institute in Paris and the Curie Institute in Warsaw, which are still important medical research centers. During World War I, she established the first battlefield radiation center.
When maria sklodowska-curie was in France, although the French Revolution stipulated every other year that "no citizen should be given a surname or first name that is inconsistent with his birth certificate", Madame Curie did not "change her husband's surname", but she still used a dual surname, except that her husband's surname was Curie and her original Polish surname was Skodovska.
Although Marie Curie is a French citizen and lives in a foreign country, she has never forgotten her motherland Poland. She taught her daughters Polish and took them to Poland many times. She named polonium, the first element she discovered, after her native Poland.
During World War I, Marie Curie used her own mobile X-ray machine to help surgeons. 1934 died at the age of 66 in a nursing home in Haut-Savoie, France.
affect
The Curie couple's work in science and society made great contributions to shaping the world in the 20th century and the 20th century. Professor Leslie Pearce William of Cornell University pointed out:
The work of the Curies is epoch-making. Radium is so radioactive that we can't ignore it. This phenomenon seems to violate the law of conservation of energy, which makes physicists have to rethink this foundation of physics.
At the experimental level, the discovery of radium provided a radioactive source for Rutherford and others to explore the atomic structure. Rutherford's alpha radiation scattering experiment first confirmed the existence of atomic nuclei. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium provides a possible method for successfully curing cancer.
Madame Curie's work helped to overthrow the old ideas of physics and chemistry, and it also had an equally far-reaching impact on society. No matter in the motherland or in a foreign land, she has to overcome the scientific research obstacles imposed on women by society.
Francoise giroud's "Marie Curie: A Life" also emphasized this aspect, which played the role of a pioneer of women's rights for Madame Curie.
Madame Curie's honest and frugal lifestyle is well known. 1893 someone donated a small sum of money to support her studies. 1897, as long as she earns money and can support herself, she will immediately return it in full. She gave a large part of the first Nobel Prize to friends, family, students and research assistants.
She also made an unexpected decision, deliberately not to apply for a patent for radium separation and not to set obstacles for scientific research. She insisted on donating all kinds of bonuses to her scientific research institutions, but didn't take a penny; She and her husband often refuse awards and medals. It is reported that Einstein once commented that Madame Curie may be the only person in the world who is not corrupted by fame and fortune.
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Honor and commemoration
As one of the most famous female scientists so far, Maria Curie has become an idol in the scientific community, remembered and commemorated by the world, even in the field of pop culture.
In a poll conducted by New Scientist magazine in 2009, Maria Curie was rated as "the most inspiring female scientist", and her support rate (25. 1%) was almost twice that of the second-ranked rosalind franklin (14.2%).
France and Poland declared 20 1 1 as "the year of Maria Curie", and the United Nations designated 20 1 1 as "the international academic year". The Jacob Gallery of the San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art has an art installation in memory of Madame Curie. 165438+1On October 7th, Google launched a commemorative graffiti to commemorate its birthday. 65438+February 10, New York Academy of Sciences celebrated Maria Curie's second Nobel Prize, and Princess Madeleine of Sweden attended the ceremony.
Maria Curie is not only the first woman to win the Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, but also the only woman to win two Nobel Prizes and several Nobel Prizes in science. Her awards include:
1, Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)
2. Medal of David (1903, awarded together with her husband Pierre * * *).
3.Mateucci Medal (1904, presented together with her husband Pierre * * *).
4. Eliot Kerry Mori Susumu (1909)
5. acton Prize (1909)
6. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (19 1 1 year)
Benjamin Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society (192 1)
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Marie Curie