What did Edison experience and invent?

Edison was a great electrician and inventor. He was born in Mylan, Ohio, USA. He has worked in his father's timber factory since he was a child. Because of his poor family, he only studied at school for three months in his life. But he loved science since he was a child, taught himself hard and was addicted to invention and creation. The number of officially registered inventions reached 1328, and he was called the king of inventions in the world. His invention depends not only on intelligence, but also on hard scientific practice. For example, when he invented the electric light, he used 200 notebooks to collect information alone; In order to find a suitable filament, we used copper wire, platinum wire and other materials 1600, as well as hair and various bamboo wires. Finally, we selected a kind of bamboo filament from Japan, which became the original filament after burning and carbonization. As he himself said, "Invention is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." On Edison's disgraceful page 1888, American electrical engineers Tesla and Westin decided to develop AC business. Edison strongly opposed the use of alternating current for his DC career, which almost killed the use of alternating current in the cradle and delayed the progress of human civilization. He specially set up a huge laboratory, hired primary school students to catch cats, dogs and other livestock in the street for experiments, and electrocuted them cruelly under alternating current. He also persuaded officials in New York State Prison to promise to change hanging to electrocution, that is, electrocution with alternating current. Because of inexperience, the charges used by the authorities were too weak, and the prisoners were just electrocuted. According to media reports at that time, this horrible sight was much more terrible than hanging. Since then, alternating current has become notorious. The popularization and application of alternating current has fallen into a serious dilemma. Tesla and Westin are not discouraged by the constant slander and attack of Edison, the giant of scientific invention. They insisted on experiments and proved that alternating current has the advantages of safety and reliability with a large number of facts. 1893, at the Chicago World Expo, alternating current was recognized by people for its obvious advantages. 1one morning in the autumn of 877, Edison came to the editorial department of a magazine in new york from a place called Mero. He held a strange little thing carefully. This little thing has a long metal bar on it, with a big wheel at one end and a small handle at the other. Edison turned the handle, then wrapped a small piece of tin foil on the cylinder, put a small needle on it and sang a baby hypnosis song to the cylinder. After the action, the machine turned again, and it sang a hypnotic song word for word. It is not enough to describe the first feeling of the people present at that time, only to say surprise. People were so happy that everyone in the editorial department told each other loudly that Edison had brought a talking monster. In a short time, reporters from various newspapers in the city flocked to see the latest strange machine in the world, and the newspapers were packed for a time. Once this invention came out, it aroused the rapid and huge fanaticism of the society for several months at that time. The railway specially opened a special car to visit. Many people didn't believe this invention at first, and suspected that he had hidden talking things in it to deceive people. A bishop of a church recited a series of special terms in the Bible at the highest speed on the radio. When these terms are repeated word by word from the machine, they believe that nothing is false. This is the scene when the world's first phonograph came out. While people are admiring, they all call the inventor Edison "the devil". In fact, the nickname "the devil" is far from the invention of the phonograph, but has been with him all his life. Because he has many inventions. Electric light, telephone, film, telegraph, generator, storage battery, typewriter, magnet separator, pressure gauge and so on are all his inventions. According to incomplete statistics, from 1869 to 19 10, he invented the first automatic counting machine and obtained 1328 kinds of invention patents, which means that there was an invention every eleven days during this period. Because of this, it is natural that he is called "the devil". However, where does the real magic of this "devil" figure come from? He himself said: "One point inspiration, ninety-nine points sweat." Stubborn perseverance and amazing diligence are his real "magic". From Thomas Edison, a teenager, 1847 was born in Oaxaca, USA. He has only been in primary school for three months. The school teacher called him "stupid", so did his relatives and friends. But his mother didn't believe this, so she became his teacher and guided him to read some books. Before he was twelve years old, he had read many difficult books, and his father led him to study Newton's principles. The education and influence of his family made him develop a diligent spirit and amazing perseverance from an early age. Edison likes science very much. When he was very young, he stored hundreds of bottles in the cellar at home for various experiments and built a small laboratory. He spent all the money he usually saved by scrimping and saving on buying chemical supplies and instruments. But the money alone could not meet the needs of the experiment, so he went to the train to sell newsboys. He gets on the bus every morning and goes home after 9 pm. After finishing the experiment, he often stays up late at night. Later, he found that there was a smoking room in the luggage compartment of the train, so he moved his experiments in the cellar to this place and insisted on doing chemical experiments. Here, he also learned to use the printer shown here, which can record local news with telegraph numbers and run newspapers. This newspaper is very popular and sells well. At this time, he was only twelve years old. One day, the train shook, the luggage slipped down, a phosphorus pole he used for his experiment fell to the ground, and the carriage caught fire at once. The fire was put out by the people who rushed to the scene, but the conductor deafened his ears and caused lifelong disability. The conductor also kicked everything in his "four-wheeled laboratory" and "travel printing room" under the car. Difficulties and setbacks did not affect Edison's determination to engage in scientific experiments. He built a laboratory at home. Being electrocuted and burning clothes are common in experiments. Once, his face was badly burned by nitric acid. Nevertheless, he never loses heart. Edison's earliest efforts contributed a lot to his later inventions. However, like other great inventors, Edison's road was not smooth. He is a night telegraph operator. Spend a lot of energy in book stands and libraries. But because I lost my job several times, I finally had to go to new york to reunite with my friends. Edison took the trouble to come to new york. At this point, there is not even a penny in his pocket. He was so hungry that he had to beg for some tea, which was his first meal since he came to new york. It took him a long time to find friends here, but all his friends were unemployed. Edison, who suffered from hunger, was looked down upon because of his poor appearance and rags. Later, he was allowed to spend the night in the battery room. There happens to be a communicator in the room that publishes the market price. On the morning of the third day he arrived, the machine broke down. Because he studied hard, he quickly helped others repair the machine and was left behind, so he found a job. Since then, he has worked hard, cooperated with others in reform, and achieved great success. Soon, he opened a small factory to produce this kind of communication machine and gradually embarked on the road of scientific research. It is not surprising that the electric light with solid steps has come to this day. But before 1880, the electric lamp was only in its embryonic form and was the most popular arc lamp at that time. In this lamp, two pieces of charcoal are respectively connected to the two ends of the battery poles, which are contacted after being electrified, and then separated, and a flame is immediately generated between the two poles. Because the two carbon poles are horizontal, there is hot air rising in the middle, and the flame between the two poles bends slightly upward like an arch or arc, so it is called an arc lamp. This kind of lamp has many disadvantages: it needs to replace the carbon rod constantly; Loud voice; Lighting has little effect and is easy to damage vision. Dirty air; Another big disadvantage is that reflow can only light the arc lamp. Some famous scientists at that time, including the inventor of arc lamp, highly praised this kind of lamp. However, in 1877, Edison began the experiment of transforming arc lamps, and proposed to divide the current (that is, there are many lamps at a current point) and change arc lamps into white lamps. The experiment should reach a satisfactory level. It is necessary to find a substance that can burn to white heat as a filament, and can withstand high-temperature combustion of more than 2000 degrees 1000 hours. At the same time, the usage should be simple, can withstand the impact of daily use, and the price should be low. It is also necessary to turn on and off one lamp without affecting the turn-off of any other lamp and maintain the relative independence of each lamp. This was a very bold idea at that time, which required great efforts to explore and experiment. Some scientists laughed at him as a fool and satirized him for "dreaming and bragging", and several scholars proved that his research was impossible with mathematics. But Edison was always full of confidence in experiments. In order to choose this material as the filament, Edison first experimented with carbonized materials, and then failed with platinum-iridium alloy with high melting point. He also made 1600 different experiments with fine ores and seedlings, all of which failed. But at this time, he and his assistants have made great progress, knowing that incandescent filament must be sealed in a highly vacuum glass ball (that is, light bulb) and is not easy to dissolve. In this way, his experiment returned to carbon wire. He worked hard on carbonization day and night with all his energy, and there were more than 6 thousand kinds of carbonization experiments on plants alone. It's been three years since his experiment notebook has more than 200 books and more than 40,000 pages. He works eighteen or nine hours a day. At three or four o'clock every morning, he only sleeps under the experimental table with two or three books on his head. Sometimes he sleeps on the stool three or four times a day for only half an hour at a time. Wake up and work energetically. By the first half of 1880, Edison's incandescent lamp experiment was still inconclusive. One day, he tore a bamboo filament tied to the edge of a banana fan in the laboratory into filaments and carbonized it into filaments. The result is better than all previous experiments. This is Edison's first incandescent electric lamp-bamboo filament electric lamp. This kind of bamboo filament lamp lasted for many years. It was not until 1908 that tungsten was invented as a filament and was replaced. Edison began to develop alkaline batteries after this, which was very difficult, and his research spirit was even more amazing. This kind of battery is used to provide power. He and a selected assistant have studied hard for nearly ten years and experienced many hardships and failures. One moment he thought he had reached his destination, but the next he knew he was wrong. But Edison never wavered and started again. It took about 50,000 tests and 150 test notes to achieve the goal. As we all know, Edison was obsessed with scientific research, but he never paid attention to his private affairs. It can be said that he is seventy-three. Didn't sleep well before; Even in his later years, he still worked no less than sixteen to eighteen hours a day. As soon as he started doing the experiment, he forgot to have a rest. Once in a while, if you are really tired, just have a rest. So he also likes people with the same energy as him to be his assistants. On this day, a man who claimed that he couldn't sleep came to him for a job. Edison was very interested and thought this man was his ideal assistant. So I cooperated with this "sleepless man". However, after 60 hours of continuous work, the sleepless man couldn't support it any longer and fell asleep. Even if the machine broke down and made a loud roar, it didn't wake him up. Edison is still working tirelessly. At that time, Edison was famous for his tireless work spirit, and many people envied him. One day, Edison received a visitor. He insisted that the "monster" introduce the "secret" of tireless work. Edison was amused, because there was no secret in his tireless work, so he made a joke and told the visitors, "Just eat a rabbit every morning." The man believed it, got up to leave, and did it when he came back. However, after six weeks, the man was too tired to get up. He doesn't pay attention to decoration, and often wears worn-out clothes stained with chemicals, especially in old age. Ordinary people think he is a cook, and newspapers often publish satirical articles about him. This just proves that he devoted all his efforts and energy to scientific research. 1872, when he was studying the automatic telegraph, he was fascinated by the experiment and his thoughts were highly concentrated. Once, he had to go out to do an urgent thing. But when someone asked him his name, he couldn't remember it at the moment. On the road of scientific research, Edison took solid steps, struggled with his heart, and really paid great physical strength and heart. On his 77th birthday, someone asked him what his philosophy of life was. He answered; "work! Reveal the secrets of nature and make it the eyes of mankind. " This is the real motivation of his scientific research, but it is not a "secret". Never satisfied We know that Edison made more than 1000 inventions in his life, and some of them achieved amazing success. He is famous himself. However, he has never been addicted to his own inventions, and he has been climbing new scientific fields. At the same time, he has always held a negative attitude towards his invention and constantly improved it. He himself said, "I will never be satisfied." Endless learning and continuous improvement is another outstanding feature of Edison. After he succeeded in inventing the battery, he set up a battery factory and mass-produced it, which has been selling well. But after a while, he found that there was something wrong with the battery. He couldn't find the reason at the moment and decided to improve the battery. However, the improvement will take time and energy, and the factory will be closed, which may not only reduce his prestige in inventing batteries, but also suffer huge economic losses. However, he decisively ordered the factory to close immediately. Many people are satisfied with his battery use and ask for more orders, but he won't accept it at all; He is not afraid of financial pressure. As a result, his improved battery was more successful than expected and soon sold well all over the country. His spirit is in sharp contrast with the businessman who covers up inferior goods. We have to win people's respect and praise. Among his inventions, nothing shocked society at that time more than the phonograph. This is also his proud invention. He is deaf, and it is shocking to invent such a machine that can make sound. But when Edison invented it, he changed it again and again. Ten years later, he took the phonograph down from the dust on the shelf and decided to improve it. He really worked continuously for five days and nights before he succeeded. Such figures can fully prove his research spirit: he owns more than 100 invention patents for the phonograph alone. When we see today's phonograph, don't forget that it is permeated with Edison's countless painstaking efforts. You can't do it without an endless learning spirit. Here, we might as well trace back two stories of his childhood. In his childhood, he once saw a hen hatch and give birth to a chick, which was wonderful, but not enough. Afterwards, he also quietly saved some eggs and put them in the warehouse. He squatted on them, trying to give birth to chickens himself, so that the whole family could not find him for a while. After he went to school at the age of seven, his strong thirst for knowledge and habit of delving into problems became more obvious. He is always asking endless questions and asking the teacher to explain clearly. In this regard, teachers have a headache. Once in an arithmetic class, the teacher taught the students that two plus two equals four. Edison must make the teacher understand why two plus two equals four. Although the teacher gave him a general explanation, he still couldn't meet his requirements. Therefore, the teacher called him "stupid". Edison was not satisfied with what he had learned, but always used his naive mind to explore the secrets of nature. However, his teacher failed to understand him. But decades later, Edison became a famous inventor. Naturally, many of Edison's inventions would not be more scientific and perfect if they were not for his endless research and continuous improvement. The phonograph he invented is like this, as are incandescent lamps, storage batteries, talking movies and so on. As he said after the success of the incandescent lamp experiment: "No invention is perfect, and today's incandescent lamp is no exception. There is light without heat, this is the ideal light, and now it is far from this realm! " Edison's enlightened and enterprising spirit is commendable.