Preparation and application technology of high temperature superconducting materials
Rare earth functional materials
New energy conversion materials and technologies (energy materials)
Biomedical materials
Green Olympic Engineering Materials and Technologies
Material and technology of separation membrane (seawater, chlor-alkali membrane)
Printing (plate making, photosensitive) and display (organic light emitting diode) materials
High-tech transformation of traditional industrial technology
At present, international functional materials and their application technologies are facing new breakthroughs, such as superconducting materials, microelectronic materials, photonic materials, information materials, energy conversion and energy storage materials, eco-environmental materials, biomedical materials and molecular and atomic design of materials. Developing functional materials technology is becoming an important means for some developed countries to strengthen their economic and military advantages.
superconducting material
Practical superconducting materials, such as NbTi and Nb3Sn, have been commercialized and applied in many fields, such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), superconducting magnets and large accelerator magnets. SQUID, as a model of superconducting weak current application, plays an important role in the measurement of weak electromagnetic signals, and its sensitivity is beyond the reach of any other non-superconducting devices. However, due to the low critical temperature of conventional low-temperature superconductors, they must be used in the expensive and complicated liquid helium (4.2K) system, which seriously limits the development of low-temperature superconducting applications.
The appearance of high temperature oxide superconductors has broken through the temperature barrier and raised the application temperature of superconductors from liquid helium (4.2K) to liquid nitrogen (77K). Compared with liquid helium, liquid nitrogen is a very economical refrigerant with high heat capacity, which brings great convenience to engineering application. In addition, all high-temperature superconductors have a relatively high upper critical field [Hc2 (4K) >: 50T], which can be used to generate a strong magnetic field of more than 20T, which just overcomes the shortcomings of conventional low-temperature superconducting materials. It is precisely because of these huge economic and technical potentials brought by the intrinsic characteristics of Tc and Hc2 that a large number of scientific workers have been attracted to use the most advanced technical equipment to conduct extensive and in-depth research on the superconducting mechanism, physical properties, chemical properties, synthesis process and microstructure of high Tc materials. High-temperature oxide superconductors are very complex multi-component systems, and important problems involving many fields will be encountered in the research process, including condensed matter physics, crystal chemistry, process technology and microstructure analysis. Some of the latest technologies and means in the field of materials science research, such as amorphous technology, nano-powder technology, magneto-optical technology, tunnel microscopy, field ion microscopy, etc., have been used to study high-temperature superconductors, many of which involve the frontier issues of materials science. The research work of high temperature superconducting materials has made important progress in single crystals, thin films, bulk materials, wires and applications.
Medical materials
As an important part of high technology, biomedical materials have entered a new stage of rapid development, and their market sales are increasing at an annual rate of 16%. It is predicted that within 20 years, the share of biomedical materials will catch up with the pharmaceutical market and become a pillar industry. Bioactive ceramics have become the main direction of medical bioceramics; Biodegradable polymer materials are an important direction of medical polymer materials; The research focus of medical composite biomaterials is strengthening and toughening biomaterials and functional biomaterials, and the research of HA biomaterials with therapeutic function is also very active.
Energy materials
Solar cell materials are the focus of research and development of new energy materials. The conversion rate of multilayer composite solar cells developed by IBM is as high as 40%. About 50% of the US Department of Energy's total funds for hydrogen energy research are used for hydrogen storage technology. The research of solid oxide fuel cells is very active, focusing on battery materials, such as solid electrolyte membrane and cathode materials, and organic proton exchange membrane used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are all research hotspots.
ecological environment
Eco-environmental materials is a new field formed in the research of international high-tech new materials in 1990s, and developed countries such as Japan, America and Germany are very active in its research and development. The main research directions are as follows: ① Material technologies directly related to environmental problems, such as biodegradable materials technology, CO 2 gas curing technology, catalytic conversion technology of SOx and nitrogen oxides, waste recycling technology, environmental pollution remediation technology, clean technology and saving of material preparation and processing. (2) Developing environmentally compatible materials that can make the economy sustainable, such as bionic materials, environmental protection materials, substitute materials for harmful substances such as freon and asbestos, and green new materials; ③ Environmental coordination evaluation of materials.
smart material
Intelligent materials are the fourth generation materials after natural materials, synthetic polymer materials and artificial design materials, and are one of the important development directions of modern high-tech new materials, which will support the future high-tech development, make the boundary between functional materials and structural materials gradually disappear in the traditional sense, and realize structural functionalization and functional diversification. Scientists predict that the development and large-scale application of intelligent materials will lead to a major revolution in the development of materials science. Many technological breakthroughs have been made in the research and development of smart materials abroad, such as British Aerospace's steel wire sensor, which is used to test the strain and temperature on the aircraft skin; Britain has developed a shape memory alloy with fast response, which has a life of one million cycles and high output power. When it is used as a brake, the reaction time is only 10 minute. The application of intelligent materials such as piezoelectric materials, magnetostrictive materials, conductive polymer materials, electrorheological fluids and magnetorheological fluids in the aviation field has achieved a large number of innovative results.
Energy materials
① Solid oxide fuel cell:
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a new type of green energy device, which has higher conversion efficiency and energy-saving effect than proton exchange membrane fuel cell, can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50% without producing nitrogen oxides, and has become a key new energy technology in developed countries. However, the working temperature of the studied SOFC reaches 800 ~ 900℃, and the material preparation of its key components has always been a bottleneck restricting the development of SOFC. The key technologies to be broken through are: a) high-performance electrode materials and their preparation technology; B) Preparation technology of novel electrolyte materials and electrode-supported electrolyte membranes; C) Optimal design of battery structure and its preparation process; D) Study the structure, performance and characteristics of the battery.
② Commercialization of silicon-based solar cells with photoelectric conversion efficiency greater than 18%;
A low-cost, large-area and commercialized silicon-based solar cell and its components have been developed, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is greater than 18%.
③ Comprehensive utilization of solar energy (photoelectric, thermoelectric and heat exchange) and its coupling technology with wind power generation;
Establish and implement a back-end focused solar photovoltaic, thermoelectric and heat exchange system with the overall utilization efficiency of 15%, and establish a practical distributed ground power station coupled with solar comprehensive utilization and wind power generation, which can be connected to the grid for power supply.
Rare earth materials
① Rare earth catalytic materials
② Rare earth permanent magnet materials
Breakthrough the key industrialization technologies of sintered rare earth permanent magnet materials with high performance (N50), high uniformity, high working temperature and low temperature coefficient and bonded rare earth permanent magnet materials with high performance (magnetic energy product of 20MGOe).
③ White LED energy-saving lighting system with high brightness and long service life.
Low-cost, high-brightness and long-life white LED energy-saving lighting system has been industrialized and entered the homes of ordinary people.
Biomedical materials
① biochip;
② Biocompatible, degradable or renewable substitute materials for human soft and hard tissues;
③ Blood purification materials and devices with molecular recognition and specific immunity.
Eco-environmental materials
① Organic membrane separation technology: application and industrialization of organic membrane with desalination efficiency of 50% in seawater (or saline-alkali water).
② Material and technology of sand-fixing vegetation;
③ Energy-saving and environment-friendly building materials and their key technologies:
Breaking through the fluidized cement firing technology with a daily output of 2000 tons, its unit energy consumption and dust emission are lower than those of the new dry method; Realize the industrialization of producing float architectural glass by pure oxygen combustion.
Special functional material
① Inorganic separation catalytic membrane: break through the key preparation technologies of inorganic separation catalytic membrane (oxygen permeable membrane, molecular sieve membrane and hydrogen permeable membrane), and establish demonstration production devices such as catalytic conversion of natural gas to synthesis gas and liquid fuel, direct conversion of natural gas to ethylene, ethanol from biomass raw materials and hydrogen production from natural gas.
② Large-size optical diamond films;
③ Organic magnetic materials: the key technology to break through the intrinsic organic magnetic materials.
④ Sensitive materials and sensors.
superconducting material
Preparation and application technology of high temperature superconducting materials China attaches great importance to the development of functional materials, which occupies a large proportion in national key projects, "863", "973" and national natural science foundation. In the Ninth Five-Year Plan and the Tenth Five-Year Plan, special functional materials are also listed as "cutting-edge materials for national defense". The implementation of these scientific and technological actions has made China achieve fruitful results in the field of functional materials. With the support of the "863" program, new fields such as superconducting materials, flat panel display materials, rare earth functional materials, biomedical materials, hydrogen storage materials, diamond films, high-performance solid propellant materials, infrared stealth materials, material design and performance prediction have been opened up, and a number of research achievements close to or reaching the international advanced level have been achieved, occupying a place in the world. The main performance indexes and production technology of Ni-MH battery and Li-ion battery have reached the advanced level abroad, which has promoted the industrialization of Ni-MH battery. Significant progress has been made in the research and development of functional ceramic materials. For chip electronic components, China has made a breakthrough in the research of high-performance porcelain materials, formed its own characteristics on low-burning porcelain materials and base metal electrodes and realized industrialization, making chip capacitor materials and components enter the world's advanced ranks; Remarkable progress has been made in the research and development and industrialization of high-grade NdFeB products, and some components and related technologies have obtained independent intellectual property rights; Functional materials have also made decisive contributions to national defense projects such as "two bombs and one satellite", "four major equipments and four satellites".
The research of functional materials in the world is very active, full of opportunities and challenges, and new technologies and patents emerge one after another. Developed countries try to form a technical monopoly in the field of special functional materials through intellectual property rights, and try to occupy the vast market of China. This situation has aroused great concern in China. China has strengthened patent protection in the fields of new rare earth permanent magnets, biomedicine, eco-friendly materials, catalytic materials and technologies. However, we should see that China's innovative research on functional materials is not enough, and the number of patent applications, especially the number of international original patents, is still far from commensurate with China's status. The functional materials in China also have shortcomings in system integration, which need to be improved and developed.
transmarine
In 200 1 year, the sales of new materials technology industry in the world market exceeded 400 billion dollars, of which functional materials accounted for about 75 ~ 80%. As far as some special functional materials are concerned, their market is also huge. 1995, the world market sales of information functional ceramic materials and their products reached $2 1 billion, and reached $80 billion in 20 10; In 2000, the sales of superconducting materials reached 8 billion dollars, and the sales in 20 10 are expected to reach 60 billion dollars, among which the global sales of high-temperature superconducting power equipment can reach 5-6 billion dollars. By 2020, the global output value of superconducting related industries (estimated at the price of 1995) may reach150 billion to 200 billion dollars. In 20 10, the global market demand for NdFeB permanent magnet materials will reach1460,000 tons, with an output value of 8 billion US dollars, which will drive the output value of related industries to 70 billion US dollars. Biomedical materials are a rapidly developing high-tech field. The global output value of biomedical materials and products exceeds $70 billion, and that of the United States is about $40 billion, which is equivalent to the semiconductor industry. It is one of the six industries with the most active economy and the largest export volume in the United States, and maintains a sustained growth of more than 20% every year. It is estimated that by the first decade of this century, the biomedical materials industry will reach the share of the drug market. With the wide adoption of sustainable development policies by governments in various countries, the market demand for eco-friendly materials will also increase rapidly, and it is estimated that the social demand will be higher than 50 billion dollars in 20 10. It can be seen that in the global economy, both the scale of demand for special functional materials and the growth rate of demand are quite amazing.
domestic
As a big country with a population of 65.438+0.3 billion, China is implementing the grand third-step development strategy. This basic national condition and the important role and position of special functional materials in economic and social development determine that the demand for functional materials in China will be huge.
Functional materials are not only important basic materials for developing China's information technology, biotechnology, energy technology and other high-tech fields, but also the basis for transforming and upgrading China's basic industries and traditional industries, which is directly related to the sustainable development of China's resources, environment and society.
China's national defense modernization has been blocked and embargoed by western countries led by the United States. China's key national defense special functional materials cannot be solved by importing, so it must take the road of independence and self-reliance. Such as military communications, aviation, aerospace, missiles, thermonuclear fusion, laser weapons, lidar, new fighters, main battle tanks and military high energy density components. , are inseparable from the support of special functional materials.
The rapid economic growth and sustainable social development in China urgently need to develop new energy and energy materials. Energy materials are the key factors to develop energy technology and improve the efficiency of energy production and utilization. At present, China is the country with the fastest growth of energy consumption in the world, and it is also a country with energy shortage. Policies and measures such as developing electric vehicles, using clean energy and saving petroleum resources make the demand for new energy conversion and energy storage materials increase continuously. With the rapid development of electronic information technology, the number of users of portable appliances such as mobile phones and notebook computers in China is increasing at a rate of more than 20% every year, which has formed a huge social demand for small high-energy density batteries.
With the rapid rise of a new generation of electronic information technology such as mobile communication, information functional ceramics, as the core of a large number of basic electronic components, have increasingly become the focus of demand for related high-tech development in China. According to the world market share of 5%, the annual sales of China information functional ceramic materials and products will reach 30 billion yuan in 20 10, which plays an important role in the development of information communication industry.
China is a big country with rare earths, and industrial reserve accounts for more than 70% of the world's total reserves. China has unique resource advantages in developing rare earth functional materials. For example, the average annual growth rate of rare earth permanent magnet materials in the world is 23%, while that in China is as high as 60%. 1995, the global output of NdFeB permanent magnet materials was 6,000 tons, including 2,000 tons from China, accounting for 1/3 of the total. It is predicted that the global output of NdFeB permanent magnet materials will reach146,000 tons in 20 10. The application of rare earth in the fields of luminescence and catalysis also has a broad market demand.
There are also some rich resources in western China, such as rare earth, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, vanadium and lithium, and some industrial reserve even accounts for more than half of the world's total reserves. These resources are important raw materials for special functional materials. Research and development of special functional materials related to the above elements, broadening their application fields and obtaining independent intellectual property rights will greatly improve the competitiveness of relevant special functional materials and products in the international market, which is of great significance for realizing the high value-added utilization of western resources and transforming the advantages of western resources into technological and economic advantages, and will strongly support the country's western development.
With the further improvement of people's quality of life in China, the potential biomedical materials market in China will soon be transformed into a dynamic reality market, thus creating huge social and economic benefits and becoming a pillar industry of the national economy.
China established the principle of "solving protection in development and realizing sustainable development on the basis of environmental protection", signed relevant international conventions and passed national environmental protection laws and regulations, which created favorable conditions for the development of eco-environmental materials demand. The development of eco-environmental materials not only has huge social and economic needs, but also plays an important role in China's accession to the WTO, integration into the international community and promotion of international status. In addition, eco-friendly materials also play a special role in China's "Science, Technology, Humanity and Green" Olympic Project.
In short, in the next five to ten years, China's economy, society and national security will have a huge demand for functional materials, which are the key new materials related to whether China can successfully achieve the third-step strategic goal. This major was added on 20 1 1.
Professional code: 0802 15S, length of study: four years, degree category: engineering.
Through study, you will have the following abilities:
1, with a solid discipline foundation, a good foundation in humanities, arts and social sciences, and the ability to correctly use the spoken and written languages of the nation;
2. Systematically master the basic knowledge of technical theory in a wide range of professional fields;
3. Strong theoretical analysis ability and experimental skills, able to solve technical problems of material processing related to mechanics;
4. Strong computer and foreign language application skills;
5. Have corresponding experimental and scientific research capabilities.
Career prospects: This major is produced under the adjustment of the national emerging industrial structure. With policy support, professional employment prospects are good. Graduates can engage in careers related to the development and application of new materials related to information technology and bioengineering technology, and can also engage in teaching and scientific research in universities and institutions. With the rapid development of foreign functional materials, new technologies emerge one after another. Compared with the traditional field of materials, domestic students of this major have more opportunities to go abroad for further study.
Similar majors: inorganic nonmetallic materials engineering (080203), metallurgical engineering (08020 1), materials science and engineering (080205Y), composite materials and engineering (080206W), welding technology and engineering (080207W), biological functional materials (0802/kloc-0).
Schools: Chongqing Institute of Science and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University of Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Northeastern University, shijiazhuang tiedao university, Xi University of Architecture and Technology, shenyang jianzhu university, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Huaqiao University, Tianjin University, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Donghua University, Henan Normal University, China Ji Liang University, Shandong University of Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Suzhou Institute of Technology, Tianjin University of Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology.