yellow mud
In the Shang Dynasty in BC16th century, crypt architecture rapidly developed into wood structure. At this time, in addition to using "white plaster" to wipe the floor, adobe walls are all made of yellow mud. During the Warring States Period from 403 BC to 22 BC1year, yellow mud mixed with grass was used to build walls, and it was also used to line wall bricks on earth walls. In the architectural history of China, "white plaster" has long been eliminated, and yellow mud mixed with grass has been used as cementing material until modern society.
lime
Lime appeared in the Zhou Dynasty in the 7th century BC. Lime in the Zhou Dynasty was made of a huge clam shell. The main component of clam shell is calcium carbonate, which will be calcined until all the carbonic acid gas escapes and forms lime. There is a record in Zuo Zhuan: "Song Wengong died in August of the second year of Chenggong (635 BC), and his ashes were used for reburial." . Red ash is a lime material made of mussel shells, which has been found to have good moisture absorption, moisture resistance and gelling properties in the Zhou Dynasty. In ancient times, when thick burial was advocated, ashes were used as cementing materials to build tombs. In Ming Dynasty, there is a "map of burning houses" in the book "Heavenly Creations", which shows that the production and use of stork ash has not been lost from the Zhou Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty and has been circulating in China for a long time.
By the Qin and Han Dynasties, in addition to the wooden structure, masonry structure occupied an important position.
Masonry structures need to be built with excellent cementing materials, which promotes the rapid development of lime manufacturing industry. Limestone collected from all over the world is used to burn lime, so lime production sites emerge as the times require. At that time, the use of lime was to mix lime with water to make lime slurry, and then use lime slurry to build stone strips, brick walls and masonry arches, and paint the walls. In the Han dynasty, the application of lime has been very common, and masonry structures built with lime can build multi-storey pavilions.
The Great Wall in Wan Li, China was built from the 7th century BC to the 7th century AD17th century, and was presided over or built by more than 20 dynasties. The Qin, Han and Ming dynasties took the longest time to build, with more than 5,000 kilometers built in the 50,000-kilometer Great Wall. In these three dynasties, lime cementitious materials have developed to a higher level and were widely used to build the Great Wall. Therefore, many parts of the Great Wall were discovered by later generations to be made of lime.
In the Ming Dynasty, the method of making lime was recorded in detail in the book Tiangong Kaiwu. The book "Principles of Construction" in Qing Dynasty recorded the relationship between lime firing technology and lime properties. These records show that China accumulated rich knowledge of lime production and use in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Lime sand clay mixture
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China in the 5th century, a building material named "Three Concrete" appeared, which was composed of lime, clay and fine sand. In the Ming dynasty, there appeared the "three soils" composed of lime, pottery powder and gravel. In the Qing dynasty, there were "three-concrete soil" composed of lime, clay and fine sand, as well as lime, slag and sand. In the book A Record of Gongshiqiao in Qing Dynasty, the instruments of "three soils" were explained: "Lime soil is a mixture of lime and loess, or" three soils "; 46% lime soil, 40% lime and 60% loess ". From the perspective of modern people, "three soils" are concrete with lime, loess or other pozzolanic materials as cementing materials and slag after fine sand and gravel as filler. "Concrete" has many similarities with Rome's three-component mortar, namely "Rome mortar".
"Concrete" has been generally used as floor, roof, building foundation and ground cushion since it came out. "Three soils" not only have high strength after compaction, but also have good waterproof performance. It was also used to ram dams in the Qing Dynasty.
It is an interesting historical coincidence that China, a distant ancient country in the East, was also used when it adopted "three concretes" similar to "Roman mortar" in the European continent.
Lime cementitious material mixed with organic matter
A notable feature of the development of cementing materials for ancient buildings in China is the use of cementing materials mixed with organic substances, such as lime glutinous rice, lime tung oil, lime blood material, lime bletilla striata, lime glutinous rice alum and so on. In addition, when using "three soils", organic substances such as glutinous rice and blood materials are mixed together.
According to folklore, when the Great Wall was built in the Qin Dynasty, bricks and stones were built with glutinous rice juice. Archaeological findings show that the brick wall of the portrait of Deng County in Henan Province during the Southern and Northern Dynasties was lined with a cementitious material containing starch. Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, and the towers in different periods, such as the second year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty, the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty, and the forty years of Jiajing, were all built with lime mixed with starch as the cementing material. According to Song Hui Yao, the main road in the Southern Song Dynasty was built in six years 1 170. "The city wall is covered with five layers of bricks and ashes, and glutinous rice porridge adjusts the ashes to help build the city surface and ground. The Committee is magnificent and lasting. " Nanjing, built in the Ming Dynasty, is the largest masonry wall in the world. It is based on a stone, rammed with earth, built with huge bricks, cemented with lime, and grouted with lime in important parts. The upper part of the city wall is capped with tung oil and soil, which is very strong. The cementing material made of tung oil or glutinous rice juice mixed with alum and lime has very good cohesiveness and is often used to repair rockeries, and is still used in the restoration of ancient buildings.
Mixing "concrete" with organic matter as a construction method is often seen in historical materials. The book "Wu Kai in Tiangong" in the Ming Dynasty records: "When it is used as a tomb and a water storage tank, part of the ashes are put into river sand, and the other part is put into loess, and mixed with glutinous rice and walnut juice evenly. After being built, it will never be damaged, so it is called triple soil. " In the architectural history of China, during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the north and south banks of Beijing Lugou Bridge were built with glutinous rice juice for several miles, which saved the southern suburbs of Beijing from floods. It is recorded in the history of stone bridge construction that the stone bridge built with glutinous rice and cow blood mixed with "three soils" is as solid as granite after solidification. The building with glutinous rice juice mixed with "three soils" is very hard and tough. When planing with a pickaxe, sparks will be generated, and some even need gunpowder to explode.
China has a long history and has made brilliant achievements and important contributions in the process of human civilization creation. Joseph Needham, a famous British scientist and historian, wrote in the book "History of Science and Technology in China": "From the 3rd century to the 3rd century, China maintained a level of scientific knowledge that was beyond the reach of this western country"; China's inventions and discoveries far surpassed those of Europe in the same period, especially before15th century. The development process of cementing materials for ancient buildings in China is from "white ash surface" and yellow mud to lime and "three concretes", and then to cementing materials mixed with lime and organic matter. From this historical process, we can draw a conclusion similar to that of Needham, a historian of science. Cementing materials of ancient buildings in China have a glorious history of their own. In the process of developing with the cementing materials of western ancient buildings, it is a little better because of the large amount of cementing materials combined with lime and organic matter.
1889 Tangshan "fine cotton soil" factory, established near Kaiping coal mine in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is produced by vertical kiln. 1906, Qixin Lime Company was established on the basis of this factory, and the word cement became popular and widely used in China.