Mbth: George Andrew Olah, Aulaqi? Rgy Nationality: Hungarian-American Birthplace: Budapest Date of Birth:1May 22, 927 Occupation: Chemist Graduation School: Budapest University of Technology and Economics Major Achievements: Brief introduction to the method of finding and maintaining the stability of carbon cations, major achievements, research direction, research course, people's influence, brief introduction to George Andrew Olah, 1927 was born in a lawyer's family in Budapest, Hungary. 1948 received his doctorate from Budapest University of Technology and Economics (now renamed Budapest University of Technology and Economics). 1957 moved to the United States to work in Dow Chemical Company. 1967 taught at Case West University.1967 George Andrew Olah Euler taught at Budapest University of Technology and Economics after graduation. Influenced by the October incident in Hungary, he and his family moved to Britain and Canada successively. While in Canada, he and another Hungarian chemist, Stephen J. Kuhn, joined Dow Chemical Company in Sarnia, Ottawa, and began to study carbocation at that time. 1965 returned to case western reserve university academic department, 1977 came to USC. Euler became an American citizen on 197 1. Euler is now a famous professor at the University of Southern California and the director of Locar Hydrocarbon Research Institute. In 2005, he wrote an article promoting methanol economy. The main achievement is that carbocation is an extremely unstable hydrocarbon with positive charge. It is very important to analyze this substance and find that dozens of modern chemical products can be manufactured cheaply. Professor Euler found a method to keep carbocation stable with super acid, which can prepare high concentration carbocation and study it carefully. His findings have been used to improve oil refining efficiency, produce unleaded gasoline and develop new drugs. Research direction Professor Euler's main research directions are: electrophilic reaction; Reaction mechanism; Synthesis method of zinc; Organometallic chemistry; Reaction intermediate; Stable carbocation; Keywords Fred-Crawford chemistry, Foz alkylation; Superacid chemistry and so on. 707 papers were published alone or as the first author. Among them, there are 282 articles on stable carbocation series. Carbonion Award: Nobel Prize in Chemistry Award Time: 1994 Award Reason: He discovered the method of keeping carbocation stable and his research in carbocation chemistry. 1994 10 10/2, the Scientific Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy announced that it would award 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Professor George Andrew Olah, an organic chemist from the University of Southern California, in recognition of his contribution to the research of carbon cation chemistry. Research Course He has received very strict China training since childhood, and his basic knowledge is solid. Euler was fascinated by Hungarian history, and later turned his interest to natural science. After graduating from high school, he entered Budapest University of Technology, studied and studied organic chemistry under the guidance of Professor Geza Zemplén, and received his doctor of science degree from 65438 to 0949, when he was only 22 years old. After several years of study and research in the university, Euler is closely linked with organic chemistry, and he officially entered the career of organic chemistry. Since Zemplén was a student of Emile Fischer, Euler claimed to be Fischer's "big disciple". From 65438 to 0956, Euler moved to Canada and worked as a senior chemical researcher at Dow Chemical Company. 1957 moved to the United States and continued to work in the company until 1964. Euler's early work on carbocation was completed in this period. From 1965 to 1977, Euler was a professor at Case Western University. 1977, professor at the university of southern California, one of the founders of the Locar hydrocarbon research institute of the university, and currently the director of the institute. Carbocation chemistry is a very important part of organic chemistry. As early as the beginning of this century, Norris and Kehrmann discovered that Ph3COH was mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid to obtain a dark yellow product. Although it has been found that some carbocation organic dye compounds can exist stably for a long time, there is a lack of direct observation methods for general carbocation active intermediates. Until 1922, when Hans Meerwein studied the Wagner rearrangement of camphene hydrochloride, he found that the reaction rate increased with the increase of solvent polarity. Lewis acid can catalyze and accelerate the reaction. He believes that the mechanism of isomerization reaction is not the rearrangement of Cl ions, but the rearrangement of active intermediates of positive ions. Therefore, the concept of active intermediate of carbonium ion comes into being. At the end of the 20th century, Ingold and Hughes in England studied the reaction mechanism of SN 1 and E 1, which further clarified the significance of carbocation active intermediates in organic reactions. In 1930s, after a series of studies on carbonium ions in whitmore, USA, people began to generally think that carbonium ion is a very unstable active intermediate (its existence time is very short) and it is impossible to observe it directly by experimental means. In the forties and fifties of the 20th century, many chemists have done a lot of research on the stereochemistry, reaction kinetics and product analysis of carbocation active intermediates. The concept of carbocation active intermediates has gradually matured, but it still cannot be observed by experimental methods. The main reason is that the existence time of carbocation is very short (10 ~ 10s) under general organic reaction conditions. In the early 1960s, Euler and his colleagues found the conditions for the long-term stable existence of carbocation, and directly detected its existence through nuclear magnetic resonance, thus undoubtedly confirming the existence of carbocation. This discovery opens up a new field for the later research direction of carbocation and the research and application of people's reactivity to hydrocarbons. In 1962, Euler and his colleagues dissolved (CH3)3CF in excess superacid medium (SbF5), and then detected the existence of tert-butyl cation 1 by H NMR: (CH3)3C-F+SbF5(CH3)3CSbF6 can be seen from the HNMR spectrum, and the product has only one single peak. The reactant tert-butyl fluoride completely disappeared at the double peak of δ 1.5ppm (the coupling result of fluorine and hydrogen, JHF=20Hz). The proton vibration of methyl moved to 4.3ppm in the low field, showing a strong disinhibition effect. Subsequently, Euler further determined that the chemical shift of tertiary carbon was 335.2ppm by C NMR. This is almost 300ppm lower than the chemical shift of ordinary tertiary carbon. At that time, the chemical shift of carbon atoms under such a low magnetic field was never reported. Such a strong disinhibition effect is obviously caused by the positive charge of tertiary carbon, which changed from sp hybrid orbit to sp hybrid orbit. The experimental results clearly prove that tert-butyl carbocation is observed. At this point, after a long and frustrating exploration, stable long-lived carbocation was finally obtained in superacid medium. Euler's discovery surprised almost all theoretical organic chemists. He once recalled 1962, the 9th organic reaction mechanism conference held in new york. When reporting the above findings, he pointed out: "Many chemists can't believe that carbocation can exist in superacid for a long time and can be detected by NMR." At that time, especially at that time, saul winstein and Herbert Brown (winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1979/KLOC-0), the authoritative representatives of the research on carbocation, said to him privately, "You must have made a mistake in the experiment, because carbocation can't exist in superacid so simply." I don't know whether this is a coincidence of history or fate, but it was also in 1962 that Herbert Brown and saul winstein had a remarkable argument. Brown put forward the classical molecular formula theory of norbornyl carbocation. This theory is different from the nonclassical theory of norbornyl carbocation proposed by Winstein in 1949. Because Euler observed carbocation directly by nuclear magnetic resonance for the first time, and his long-term research on carbocation later, he was deeply involved in the debate about whether norbornyl carbocation existed in classical form or non-classical form, and gradually became a representative figure of non-classical carbocation advocates. This debate is considered to be the largest and most extensive debate in the history of organic chemistry. When Weinstein studied the solvolysis of 2- norbornyl derivatives in 1949, it was found that the reaction rate depended on the position of the leaving group on exo or endo. Weinstein thinks that the reason why the solvolysis rate (kexo) of exoisomer 2 is faster than that of 3 is that the adjacent groups of c 1-C6σ- bond participate, thus forming nonclassical norbornyl carbocation and accelerating its reaction. Most organic chemists accepted Weinstein. At 1962, Brown put forward his different opinions. He thinks that the difference between kexo and kendo is not because the exoisomer reacts very fast, as Winstein said, but because the endoisomer reacts very slowly because of the steric hindrance of the leaving group. His explanation is that norbornyl carbocation exists not in a non-classical form but in a classical form, but in a fast equilibrium form. However, Winstein and Brown only studied the active intermediate of norbornyl carbocation by indirect methods such as product analysis and stereochemistry, and could not be directly confirmed by experimental methods. Euler prepared norbornyl carbocation by three different methods, and then studied its structure in detail by low temperature NMR, which provided rich and direct evidence for the existence of non-classical norbornyl carbocation. Subsequently, Euler further fully confirmed the existence of non-classical norbornyl carbocation by using other spectrograms such as infrared, Raman and ESCA. Therefore, it has become a representative figure of non-classical carbocation advocates. Euler wittily quoted George von Beksey (196 1 Nobel Prize winner in medicine) in his Nobel Prize speech: "When dealing with mistakes, one should have several friends who will take the time to check your experimental design and results. A better way is to have a few enemies. Because the enemy will spare no effort to find out all your size mistakes, and you don't have to pay anything in return The problem is that there are not many such enemies, and what is worse is that such enemies will soon become your friends, thus reducing your help. Everyone should have several such good enemies. " Euler's contribution to carbocation lies not only in experiments, but more importantly, he put forward a new concept of carbocation system in 1972. According to this new concept, all carbonium ions can be divided into two categories: the first category is tri-coordinated carbonium ions, and the hybrid orbit with sp as the central carbon atom is called carbonium ions, commonly known as classical carbonium ions such as CH3；; The second five-coordinated (or higher coordinated) carbocation is called carbocation, and some people call it nonclassical carbocation. The second kind of carbocation can not be explained by the bonding theory of two electrons and two centers, but can be explained by the three-center (or multi-center) two-electron theory, in which the coordination number of carbon atoms at the bridge bond position is higher than the usual valence bonds such as ch. The above is only Euler's early basic work on carbocation, and it is also the main reason why he won the 1994 Nobel Prize. In addition, Euler also widely used superacid-carbocation to study new reactions of hydrocarbons, which opened up a new field for many organic reactions in superacid media. Especially in the chemistry of alkanes, most alkanes used to be burning (fuel), but in Euler superacid medium, oxidation, halogenation, nitration and other reactions can occur, which has good yield and selectivity and great practical value. He has made outstanding contributions in the fields of organic reaction mechanism, synthetic methods and synthetic reagents. Euler published more than 1000 articles, 100 patents and 15 monographs. People's influence won the prize for George Andrew Olah's research on the chemistry of carbocation, because he found a method to keep carbocation stable. The research field belongs to organic chemistry, and its achievements in hydrocarbons are particularly outstanding. As early as 1960s, he published a large number of research reports and gained a good reputation in the international scientific community. He is an important figure in the field of chemistry. His basic research results have made great contributions to oil refining technology. This achievement has completely changed the research method of carbon cation, an extremely unstable hydrocarbon, and opened a new page for people to understand the cation structure. More importantly, his discovery can be widely used in various industries, from improving oil refining efficiency and producing unleaded gasoline to improving the quality of plastic products and researching and manufacturing new drugs, which plays an important role in improving people's lives.