1. Popular science knowledge about smog: What are the hazards and preventive measures
1 Air purifier
Different from traditional filter-type air purifiers, negative ion air The purifier uses negative ions as a purification factor. By releasing high-concentration air negative ions, it uses the activity of the negative ions to quickly spread to every corner of the space, effectively purifying various pollutants in the air. It completely abandons the filtering effect of traditional air purifiers. Relying on the network and fans, it truly achieves low power, zero noise, zero consumables, and low maintenance costs.
Especially the VIIYI ecological negative ion generator with negative ion system and pollutant collection system, which is launched based on nanofullerene ion releaser technology and ecological negative ion generation chip technology, only needs to be used regularly The contaminant collector can be removed for simple cleaning and reused, further reducing subsequent maintenance costs.
In addition, the professional negative ion air purifier's fan-free design further reduces the energy consumption of the product. The power is as low as 5W, and it can be turned on 24 hours a day for continuous purification without any pressure. When smog invades heavily, it is enough to protect the respiratory health of a family.
2 Wear a mask when going out
If you go out, you can wear a mask, which can effectively prevent dust particles from entering the body. Cotton masks are best because some people are allergic to non-woven fabrics, but most people are not allergic to cotton masks and they are easy to clean. After returning from going out, you should wash your face and vaginal skin immediately
3. Eat a light diet and drink plenty of water
In foggy days, you should choose foods that are light, easy to digest, and rich in vitamins. Drink water and eat more fresh vegetables and fruits. This can not only supplement various vitamins and inorganic salts, but also moisten the lungs and remove dryness, eliminate phlegm and relieve cough, and strengthen the spleen and kidneys. Eat less sexual foods, and eat more pears, loquats, oranges, tangerines and other foods that clear the lungs and reduce phlegm.
2. A quick question and answer on smog science: Is there only haze in winter?
The more smog in winter is mainly caused by the phenomenon of temperature inversion, as well as the emission of heating pollutants in winter. Many reasons.
In winter, due to the obvious cooling of radiation on the ground at night, an "inversion layer" is prone to appear at low altitudes in the atmosphere. The horizontal and vertical exchange and circulation capabilities of the air become weaker, and pollutants emitted in the air are restricted to the shallow atmosphere. , and gradually gather into haze, causing air pollution. At the same time, foggy days occur more frequently in winter. This is because winter nights are long, there are more opportunities for light winds on sunny days, the ground dissipates heat faster, and the temperature drops more significantly. When the temperature drops to the lowest in the morning, the water vapor in the air It is easy to reach saturation and condense into small water droplets. When the small water droplets accumulate and form fog, it often means that the atmosphere is relatively stable, and a stable atmosphere can easily cause pollutants to accumulate, so foggy days are usually accompanied by Tmall. Contamination may be light or heavy.
The low-visibility weather that often occurs is actually caused by a mixture of fog and haze. When the relative humidity is high in the morning, it is mostly fog. During the day, when the temperature rises and the humidity drops, it turns into haze. Especially due to the influence of heating, more pollutants are emitted in winter, which is also an important reason for the occurrence of haze days in winter.
3. Little knowledge about air and the dangers of haze weather
How to deal with haze weather?
1. Try to go out as little as possible: Due to the existence of small and large particles in haze weather, it seriously harms your health. After entering the body, the particles will adhere to the respiratory tract, causing bronchitis and pharyngitis. In particular, the elderly and those with respiratory diseases who have relatively weak resistance should reduce travel or wear masks to protect themselves when exercising outdoors.
2. Morning exercise should be limited: Many people are more accustomed to morning exercise. In fact, the time is not very correct for the human body. Due to the air exchange environment in the morning, the air quality is very poor, especially in haze weather. The respiratory tract is susceptible to infection, and respiratory and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are easily induced during exercise.
3. Do good personal hygiene. Wash your face and mouth when entering indoors after going out, change the clothes you wore when going out to remove the residue of pollution
4. Be particular about your diet:
A. Drink more water to speed up the body’s metabolism
B. In terms of diet, we should try to avoid spicy food. For those who like to eat hot pot in winter, we should try to reduce it as much as possible.
C Eat a light diet, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, white fungus, pears, persimmons, lilies, radishes, water chestnuts and other lung-moistening foods.
The main components of PM2.5 are elemental nitrogen, organic carbon compounds, sulfates, nitrates, etc. Others include sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron and other elements abundant in the earth's crust, as well as lead. , zinc, cadmium, copper and other heavy metal elements mainly derived from human pollution. Although PM2.5 is also produced during spontaneous combustion, the main source is man-made emissions, such as the burning of coal, gasoline, and diesel, burning garbage, road dust, industrial pollution, forest fires, pollen bacteria, etc.
How does haze appear in the sky?
In fact, large and small particles in the air will reduce daily visibility. However, compared to coarse particles, fine PM2.5 has a stronger ability to reduce visibility. When visibility is reduced, we will lose sight of things. Being obstructed, blurring, unclear vision, etc. will also hinder the irradiation of light.
Harm to human health?
Large particles are easily intercepted by the nose, throat, and trachea, or eliminated from the body through the movement of villi. However, since PM2.5 is a small particle, once it is inhaled from the respiratory tract, it will be deposited in the human body. Alveoli, and then dissolve into the blood, causing blood poisoning, which can easily reach the depths of the lungs. It can cause damage to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, cause respiratory tract infections, coughing, difficulty breathing, aggravate asthma attacks, arrhythmia and induce heart disease, etc.
4. Answers to the reading of haze knowledge
Reference answer:
15. ① Fog itself is a relatively normal weather phenomenon and does not cause pollution; haze is actually a pollutant.
② Fog is composed of water vapor, with relatively large particles; haze is composed of relatively dry particles, with very small particles.
③The fog is white in color, and the color of haze is usually yellow or brown.
16. Use specific examples and remarks to illustrate that the common sense about smog written in the article has been scientifically analyzed and demonstrated, thereby enhancing the persuasiveness of the article and the credibility of the content.
17. ⑴ Quoting experts is not to show that each of us can avoid the occurrence of haze weather if we have the awareness of energy saving and emission reduction, but to show that everyone has the awareness of energy saving and emission reduction to prevent and control Importance of air pollution.
⑵The purpose of using numbers is not to show that Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Xi'an are seriously polluted by haze, but to show that haze pollution does have an impact on human health.
18. When pollution is serious, sensitive people should try to reduce outdoor activities; wear masks when traveling in haze weather; eat more light food; do not open windows for ventilation to ensure indoor air quality
5. How much do you know about haze? Read the answers
① Fog itself is a relatively normal weather phenomenon and does not cause pollution; haze is actually a pollutant.
② Fog is composed of water vapor, with relatively large particles; haze is composed of relatively dry particles, with very small particles.
③The fog is white in color, and the color of haze is usually yellow or brown.
16. Use specific examples and remarks to illustrate that the common sense about smog written in the article has been scientifically analyzed and demonstrated, thereby enhancing the persuasiveness of the article and the credibility of the content.
17. ⑴ Quoting the words of experts is not to show that each of us can avoid the occurrence of haze weather if we have the awareness of energy saving and emission reduction, but to show that everyone has the awareness of energy saving and emission reduction to prevent and control Importance of air pollution.
⑵The purpose of using numbers is not to show that Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Xi'an are seriously polluted by haze, but to show that haze pollution does have an impact on human health.
18. When pollution is serious, sensitive people should try to reduce outdoor activities; wear masks when traveling in haze weather; eat more light food; do not open windows for ventilation to ensure indoor air quality
6. Tips for daily life: How to prevent the harm caused by haze
1. Reduce going out
The elderly, children with weak immunity and those with respiratory diseases are susceptible People should go out as little as possible or reduce outdoor activities. Wear masks to protect themselves when going out to prevent pollutants from invading the lungs through the nose and mouth. After returning from going out, they should wash their face and skin immediately.
2. Wear a mask and go out less often
It is advisable to wear a mask when going out, but it is best not to wear the mask continuously for more than 4 hours. Cloth masks need to be washed and disinfected with boiling water every day. Some personalized masks and cartoon masks are only one or two layers thick, making it difficult to filter viruses and dust in the air. Common N95, KN90 and other types of masks have a good protective effect on PM2.5, but they are not suitable for children. Disposable masks are best not to be used repeatedly to avoid secondary contamination.
3. Keep doors and windows closed to purify the air
Doors and windows should be closed as much as possible on hazy days, and windows can be opened for a short period of time at noon when there is sufficient sunlight and less pollutants. Installing and using an air purifier has a certain effect on improving indoor air quality. You should choose products that do not produce ozone and other by-products.
4. Place green plants indoors
Planting some green plants indoors can absorb carbon dioxide in the air and produce oxygen.
5. Pay attention to diet
Patients with chronic respiratory diseases, especially the elderly, should maintain a scientific life pattern, avoid overexertion, and drink more water. Pay attention to a light diet, eat less non-toxic foods, eat more tofu, milk and other foods, and supplement vitamin D if necessary.
6. Be extra careful when driving and walking
In moderate and severe haze weather, visibility is low and line of sight is poor. People driving, cycling and walking should be more careful, especially When passing through intersections and unattended railway crossings, you must slow down and obey traffic rules to avoid traffic accidents.
8. Treat recurrence of disease promptly
Patients with chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic pharyngitis, allergic rhinitis, cardiovascular disease, or the frail, elderly, children, and pregnant women etc. and should avoid going out. If you need to go out, especially those with asthma or coronary heart disease, you should take your medicine with you to avoid aggravating your condition.
7.50 Science Tips
Why do sunflowers always face the sun? The stems of sunflowers contain a wonderful auxin.
This auxin is very photophobic. When exposed to light, it will go to the backlight side, and at the same time it will cause the cells on the backlight side to multiply rapidly. Therefore, the backlight side will grow faster than the light side, causing the sunflower to develop a phototropic bend. .
2. Why do stars twinkle? We see stars twinkling, not because of changes in the luminosity of the stars themselves, but because of the obstruction of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is between us and the stars. When starlight passes through the atmosphere, it will be affected by the density and thickness of the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is not absolutely transparent. Its transparency will change depending on the density. So when we look at the stars through it on the ground, we will see that the stars seem to be twinkling.
3. Why do people yawn? When we feel tired, our bodies have produced a lot of carbon dioxide. When there is too much carbon dioxide, oxygen must be added to balance what the body needs.
Because these residual carbon dioxide will affect the functional activities of our body, the body will issue a protective response and yawn.
Yawning is a deep breathing action, which allows us to take in more oxygen and expel carbon dioxide than usual, and also eliminates fatigue.
4. How high is the blue sky? The "blue sky" is actually the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere surrounds the earth's air and is divided into 5 layers according to the density of the air. The total thickness is 2000-3000 kilometers.
But most of the air is concentrated from the ground to places below 15 kilometers high, and the air becomes thinner the higher you go. How thick the atmosphere is, how high the blue sky should be.
5. Why are there no stars during the day? Because part of the sunlight is scattered by gas and dust in the atmosphere during the day, the sky is illuminated very brightly. In addition, the light radiated by the sun is very strong, making it impossible for us to see the stars. 6. What celestial bodies are there in the solar system? There are nine planets in the solar system.
They are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. In addition, there are many asteroids, comets and meteors in the solar system, and there are 2,958 officially numbered asteroids.
The most famous comet is Halley's Comet. 7. Why does thunder occur? This is a natural phenomenon that occurs when negative and positive electricity meet together.
When it rains, some clouds in the sky are charged with positive electricity and some are charged with negative electricity. When the two types of clouds come together, they will discharge, emitting very bright lightning, and at the same time emitting a large amount of lightning. The heat causes the surrounding air to quickly heat up, expand, and make a loud sound, which is thunder. 8. Why can airplanes fly into the sky? The plane has two wings, like a bird's wings, and it also has propellers.
The wings can generate lift to lift the aircraft in the air; the thrusters can generate power and push the aircraft forward. Therefore, airplanes can fly into the sky like birds.
33. When the quartz clock hung on the wall stops moving because the battery is exhausted, its second hand often stops at the "9" position on the dial. This is because the second hand is most hindered by the gravity moment at the "9" position.
9. Boiling water does not make noise, water does not make noise. Before water boils, due to convection, the bubbles in the water rise while vibrating up and down. Most of the bubbles burst under the pressure in the water, and their bursting and vibration sounds are louder. It resonates with the container, so the sound is very loud. After the water boils, the upper and lower parts are isothermal, and the bubble volume increases. Under the action of buoyancy, it rises to the water surface before bursting, so the sound is relatively small.
10. To burn incompatible substances, water and fire must reach the ignition point. Due to the large specific heat of water, contact between water and fire can absorb a large amount of heat, so that the temperature of the ignited substance is reduced; at the same time, the vaporized water vapor surrounds the ignited substance. Outside the burning object, it is impossible for the object to come into contact with air, and without air, combustion cannot proceed. 11. Travel 80,000 miles a day while sitting on the ground. Since the radius of the earth is 6,370 kilometers, every time the earth rotates once, the distance "walked" by objects on the surface is about 40,003.6 kilometers, or about 80,000 miles.
This is a poem recited by ***. It also scientifically reveals the relationship between movement and stillness - movement is absolute, and stillness is always relative to a reference object. 12. A small weight weighs a thousand pounds. According to the principle of lever balance, if the power arm is a fraction of the resistance arm, the power is several times the resistance.
If the force arm of the weight is very large, then "one or two strokes of a thousand pounds" is entirely possible. 13. A broken mirror cannot be re-rounded. When the distance between molecules is large (greater than a few hundred angstroms), the gravitational force between molecules is very small, almost zero, so it is difficult to re-round a broken mirror.
14. If people are united, Taishan will move. If the directions of each component force are the same, the resultant force is equal to the sum of the magnitudes of each component force. 15. Lifting tofu with hemp rope - it cannot be lifted. When the pressure is constant, if the force-bearing area is small, the pressure will be large.
16. Real gold is not afraid of fire, and truth is not afraid of debate. From the perspective of the melting point of gold, although it is not the highest, it is still 1068°C, while the temperature of a general flame is about 800°C. Due to the temperature of the flame Less than the melting point of gold, so gold cannot melt.
17. A long whistle, the mountains and valleys echo. People in the high mountains and ridges roar with a roar. The sound can form a loud echo through multiple reflections, which lasts for a long time. It seems that the mountains are roaring and the valleys are echoing.
18. When you sit in a well and look at the sky, you will see very little. Since light propagates along a straight line, it can be known from the knowledge of geometric drawing that the frog's field of view will be very small. 19. It can be seen from the pressure formula that when the pressure is constant, the smaller the force-bearing area, the greater the pressure.
People will feel extremely uncomfortable sitting on such a felt. 20. Auspicious snow shines on a good year. Since snow is a poor conductor of heat, when it covers crops, it can prevent heat conduction and air convection, so it can play a role in insulation.
21. Cold before frost, cold after snow. On late autumn nights, the air temperature near the ground suddenly becomes cold (the temperature is below 0℃), and the water vapor in the air condenses into small ice crystals, which adhere to Frost forms on the ground, so there is a "cold before frost" feeling. When snow melts, it needs to absorb heat to lower the temperature of the air, so we have the feeling of "cold after snow".
22. An egg hits a rock - an egg hits a rock. Although the force is the same, each object can withstand a certain pressure. If it exceeds this limit, the object may be damaged. The egg can withstand less pressure, so the egg will crack.
23. Before jade is polished, its surface is uneven and the light is diffusely reflected. After the jade is polished, its surface is smooth and the light is specularly reflected. 24. Fans have a cool breeze and are suitable for fanning in summer but not in winter or summer.
8. Popular science knowledge
Atmospheric pollution mainly refers to chemical pollution of the atmosphere. There are many types of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere, and there are dozens of them that are seriously harmful to the human body. my country's air pollution belongs to coal-type pollution. The main pollutants are smoke and sulfur dioxide. In addition, there are also nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. These pollutants mainly enter the human body through the respiratory tract and are directly transported to the body through the blood without going through the detoxification function of the liver. Therefore, chemical pollution in the atmosphere is very harmful to human health. This hazard can be divided into three types: chronic poisoning, acute poisoning and carcinogenesis.
Chronic poisoning The concentration of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere is generally relatively low, which mainly produces chronic poisoning effects on the human body. Scientific research shows that chemical pollution in urban air is an important cause of diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. Acute poisoning: When factories emit large amounts of harmful gases and there is no wind or fog, chemical pollutants in the atmosphere cannot easily disperse, which can cause acute poisoning. For example, in 1961, three petrochemical companies in Yokkaichi, Japan, continued to emit large amounts of chemical pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, coupled with windless weather, resulting in a high incidence of asthma among local residents. Later, this local air pollution was controlled, and the incidence of asthma also decreased.
Carcinogenesis Chemical pollutants in the atmosphere include carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as 3,4-benzopyrene) and Pb-containing compounds, among which 3,4-benzopyrene The most powerful cause of lung cancer. Burning coal, running cars and cigarette smoke all contain large amounts of 3,4-benzopyrene. Chemical pollutants in the atmosphere can also fall into water bodies, soil and crops. After being absorbed and enriched by crops, they can harm human health.
Atmospheric pollution also includes atmospheric biological pollution and atmospheric radioactive pollution. The main biological pollutants in the atmosphere include pathogenic bacteria, mold spores and pollen. Pathogenic bacteria can cause people to contract infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, and mold spores and pollen can cause allergic reactions in some people. Radioactive pollutants in the atmosphere mainly come from radioactive waste from the atomic energy industry and medical X-ray sources. These pollutants can easily cause skin cancer and leukemia.
9. How to write about smog in popular science essays
Smog is a composite fine particle suspended matter, its particle size covers from PM0.1 to PM2.5, collectively known as 2.5 micron fine particles.
When the atmosphere is stable, this mixed suspension can be stably suspended from the ground to a height of 500 meters for days or even weeks. When there is wind, the height is variable. When it rains, it quickly settles and disappears. This This kind of fine particulate matter itself cannot be blocked by nasal hairs, cilia, and alveoli. After inhalation, it will directly enter the blood through exchange and have an impact on human health. According to WHO (World Health Organization) research data, for every 10PPM (parts per million) increase in air pollution index, the incidence of lung cancer increases by 4, and it is also positively related to respiratory tract infections and allergies.
Excessive heavy metals also have an impact on children (urban haze is mostly caused by industrial pollution, tail gas emissions, catering emissions, etc.) Since 2012, the health scare caused by haze and PM2.5 in my country’s big cities and eastern big cities, attracted public attention. Haze and photochemical smog will lead to longer-term and more dangerous environmental problems, and the public will pay more attention to health protection measures.
Smog, as the name suggests, is fog and haze. Fog is water droplets floating in the air after water vapor close to the ground condenses when encountering cold air under specific climatic conditions. It moves and dissipates with changes in wind and temperature.
Normal fog itself is white and appears when the water vapor content in the air is high and the temperature is low. Haze is smog mixed with a large amount of gray smoke impurities. When the water vapor content in the air is not high, it causes a sharp decrease in visibility. It is called haze. Recently, the haze that has covered the entire eastern and central China is mostly gray-white or gray-yellow.
Among air pollutants, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and respirable particulate matter are the main components of smog. The first two are gaseous pollutants, and the last particulate matter is the main culprit in aggravating haze weather pollution. The culprit. Inhalable particulate matter is a general term for various particles with a diameter of less than or equal to 10 microns. The generally familiar particulate matter is expressed as PM10 and PM2.5, which respectively refer to airborne particles with a diameter of less than or equal to 10 microns and less than or equal to 2.5 microns.
This kind of fine particles is itself an air pollutant. When suspended in the air, they not only block the line of sight and reduce visibility, but also absorb other pollutants in the air, such as combining with water mist to form aerosols. Organic pollutants, such as industrial emissions of compound smoke and automobile exhaust, undergo further chemical reactions under sunlight to form carriers of more harmful pollution mixtures. Where does smog come from? It is generally believed that the sources of smog are industrial emission pollution, urban construction and decoration, road dust, domestic heating smoke and automobile exhaust.
Smog contains fine dust, volatile acid mist such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid, organic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, etc., which are the main components of heavy industrial air pollutants, dust, and automobile exhaust. In particular, thermal power generation, steelmaking, metallurgy, chemical industry and dust-concentrated wood processing and building materials industries, which mainly use coal, are one of the main sources of airborne fine particles and sulfides.
Most of the vehicle exhaust is nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides, especially diesel vehicle emissions, which contain greater amounts of particulate matter. If we look at smog from a broader perspective, we can find some historical patterns, that is, almost all developed countries have experienced a period of severe smog pollution during their industrialization process.
The most famous fog city, London, has lasted for 200 years and even formed the brand of "London Fog". The smog in major British cities such as London has formed and developed to serious levels since the Industrial Revolution.
There was even a London Smog incident in 1952: an inversion layer enveloped London from December 5th to 9th, 1952. The city was at the center of high pressure, and both vertical and horizontal air flow stopped for several days. The air was still and windless. At that time, London mostly used coal for heating in winter, and there were many thermal power stations using coal as the main energy source distributed in the city.
Gases and pollutants such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and dust generated by coal combustion accumulate over the city, causing heavy fog for several days. During this period, not only were a large number of flights canceled due to the toxic smog, but cars were even required to turn on their headlights while driving on the highway during the day.
Indoor concerts were also canceled because people could not see the stage.
Londoners also reacted to the poisonous fog. Many people felt difficulty breathing and stinging eyes. The number of patients with respiratory symptoms such as asthma and coughing increased significantly. The mortality rate increased sharply, causing as many as 12,000 people to die due to air pollution, and promoted The process of environmental protection legislation in the UK.
However, with the completion of the British industrialization process, urban construction has basically reached saturation and basic industries have gradually withdrawn from the local area. With years of environmental governance, we know that in the past ten years, London fog has returned to normal water fog. , the smog weather that was once notoriously disgraceful to the world is no longer common in the UK. During the same period in the United States in 1948, Donora, a small town in Pennsylvania, was located 30 kilometers south of Pittsburgh and had more than 14,000 residents.
The town of Donora is home to sulfuric acid plants, steel plants, and zinc smelting plants. Over the years, the chimneys of these factories have continuously spewed smoke and mist into the air, causing the residents of Donora Town to become dissatisfied. I have become accustomed to the strange smell in the air. From October 26 to 31, 1948, a persistent fog made the town of Donora look particularly dark.
The climate is humid and cold, the sky is overcast, and there is no wind. The air loses its vertical movement up and down, causing a temperature inversion. In this dead wind state, the factory chimneys did not stop emitting smoke, as if they were about to break through the frozen atmosphere.
The pungent smell of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air is nauseating. Visibility was so low that the factory, except for its chimneys, was lost in smoke.
What followed was a sudden illness among 6,000 people in the town. Symptoms included eye disease, sore throat, runny nose, cough, headache, tired limbs, chest tightness, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. Among them, 20 people Die soon. Most of the deceased were over 65 years old, and most of them had heart disease or respiratory diseases. The situation was similar to that of the Maas Valley incident.
The main reason for this smog incident is that the gases and metal particles containing toxic and harmful substances such as sulfur dioxide emitted by the factories in the town accumulated in the valley under abnormal climate conditions and accumulated there. , these toxic substances adhere to suspended particles, seriously polluting the atmosphere. People inhale a large amount of these toxic gases in a short period of time, causing various symptoms and even serious illness.
Also in the United States, the Los Angeles photochemical smog incident was.