The "Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements" clearly states that the transformation of scientific and technological achievements refers to scientific and technological achievements of practical value produced by scientific research and technological development in order to improve productivity levels. The subsequent testing, development, application and promotion carried out until the formation of new products, new processes, new materials and other activities. Simply put, the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is to transform the results of scientific and technological activities into real productivity and promote the commercialization and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. The production and transformation of scientific and technological achievements generally require four stages of development. The first is the technical principle conception stage, that is, on the basis of existing scientific principles, new ideas, methods, technical routes or design plans are proposed according to practical purposes; the second is the laboratory research stage, that is, experimental research is carried out according to the new concept, or The purpose of exploring new formulas and new processes is to develop prototypes, samples or new formulas and new processes; the third is the pilot scale-up stage, that is, based on the laboratory research results, projects with relatively clear industrialization prospects are selected and Amplify, carry out process improvement, product finalization, equipment integration, process specification, product quality standard formulation, etc., and put pilot products on the market and accept inspections from the market or relevant departments to provide feedback information for further improvement and perfection; the fourth is industrialization testing The first stage is to improve the control, monitoring and guarantee system in terms of product quality, environmental pollution, energy and raw material consumption, etc., so as to form a new energy-saving, low-consumption and efficient production line that can smoothly enter the market, and finally realize the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. The above four stages are consistent and constitute the chain of achievement transformation. Problems in any of these links will hinder the smooth transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Based on the current status of my country's science and technology development, the main factors affecting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are as follows:
1. The market awareness of scientific researchers is not yet strong, and the science and technology evaluation mechanism is somewhat one-sided. The understanding of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements itself, that is, the understanding of the question "what is scientific research for?" reflects the scientific research concept of a scientific and technological worker. Only when scientific and technological achievements are transformed into actual productivity can their value be realized. Otherwise, the true significance of scientific research will be lost. At present, a considerable number of scientific researchers engage in scientific research for a "myopic" purpose with too much utilitarianism. They are only satisfied with publishing papers and getting professional titles, and they are happy to talk about the scientific and technological achievements that have passed the appraisal and achieved "domestic leading". Or the international advanced level", as for how to apply it in production and how to generate benefits in the market, there is often a lack of details, resulting in the phenomenon of "only flowers but no results" in the field of scientific research. Some people attach too much importance to their scientific research results and have been "covering" them. In today's world, the rapid development of science and technology is independent of human will, and scientific and technological achievements are becoming more and more timely. Some people vividly compare scientific and technological achievements to a piece of ice. If you always "cover" it in your hands without transforming it, it will soon melt and become worthless.
The reason why it is difficult to transform scientific and technological achievements is that, in addition to the reasons of the researchers themselves, another important factor is that the current assessment and evaluation mechanism for scientific researchers is somewhat one-sided. When the scientific research management department evaluates the level of scientific researchers, it mainly depends on the number of papers they publish and the level of journals they publish in, rather than aiming at the ultimate goal of industrializing scientific and technological achievements and not focusing on the role of achievements in promoting the economy. Especially in some universities with high-level researchers, teachers who complete laboratory results, write papers and apply for patents can be promoted to professional titles and enjoy related benefits even if they complete their scientific research workload. This kind of scientific research management behavior that is eager for quick success has led to a reduction in the practical application value of scientific and technological achievements, and a shortage of scientific and technological achievements that meet market demand, especially major scientific and technological achievements. Many achievements and even patented technologies are not competitive for industrialization and can only be "locked" in the "bookcases" of scholars.
2． The direction of scientific research is decoupled from market demand, and the results themselves are less mature.
Many of our scientific and technological achievements cannot meet the needs of the market and industrial technology development. Some scientific research topics are not closely integrated with key technical issues that are urgently needed for national economic development, resulting in a greatly reduced application value of the research results. For example, technology research and development work is highly targeted and has a clear purpose, which is to break through key technologies and improve product performance indicators. Technology development efforts must therefore originate from product requirements. However, in actual situations, some results lack sufficient market research during the project establishment and topic selection stages, so either their technical level is low or they lack practical significance.
In addition, the technical maturity and supporting capabilities of some achievements are insufficient, and there are many market uncertainties, which reduces the success rate of transformation. The achievements we are talking about now are generally judged from the level of scientific research. In addition to scientific feasibility, results that meet market demand should also have feasibility in engineering research and development of processes, equipment, technology, etc., as well as feasibility in economic benefits. The results or technologies "produced" by scientific research institutes are often only partial unit technologies, which are still far from practical application. At the technical level, especially in the aspect of system integration, continued research and development are needed. If scientific and technological achievements do not have advantages in these aspects, they will not be competitive and will be difficult to transform.
3. The transformation of achievements is subject to financial constraints and lacks effective financial support channels.
Shortage of funds and difficulty in raising funds have always been "stumbling blocks" to the transformation of results. A technological achievement requires a large amount of capital investment to achieve its "commercialization". Generally speaking, the investment ratio of research, development, and experimental production is 1:10:100, and the investment in each link of transformation increases in a geometric progression. That is to say, the cost of transforming scientific and technological achievements into productivity is increasing and needs to be obtained. financial support is growing. The presence and strength of capital investment are often the key to successful transformation of results. Since scientific research institutes basically do not have the ability to realize pilot trials and industrialization of results on their own, this has resulted in a large number of "semi-finished products" waiting to be completed by scientific research institutes.
The successful experience of developed countries in solving the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is to effectively rely on the strong support of the capital market. In the United States, venture capital funds play a decisive role in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. However, the financial support channel for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in my country is relatively narrow. Not only is there a lack of venture capital funds, but the market access threshold is also high, making it difficult for ordinary companies to raise funds in this market. The commercial financial industry has just begun to develop, and the scale and methods of science and technology loans cannot yet meet the needs of accelerating the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The lack of financial support channels for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements makes it difficult for some scientific research institutions to carry out scientific research, and it is even more difficult to realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
4. The shortcomings of the scientific research system restrict the effective transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
For a long time, the shortcomings of the separation of our scientific research units and production enterprises, scientific and technological development activities and corporate operating activities have not been fundamentally solved. The scientific and technological system is fragmented, department-owned, and self-contained. The drawbacks were basically untouched. As some scholars have described, my country's scientific research system can be summarized as "first, top-heavy and shallow, and second, two faults." The so-called top-heavy and shallow-founded means that my country's scientific research superstructure is very large, including research institutes from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission system, industrial departments, and research institutes from universities and colleges. However, there is little or no corresponding research at the grassroots level. Matching development and testing institutions. The so-called two faults are that the scientific research department and the industrial department are unrelated and have no normal channels to communicate with each other. This is the first fault; the industrial department has many research institutes, but large and medium-sized enterprises rarely have development and test departments to adapt to them. , this is the second fault. It can be seen that the birthplace and production place of scientific and technological achievements do not belong to the same system. From scientific and technological achievements to mass production without development testing and trial production, this is the core problem that scientific and technological achievements cannot be transformed into productivity in a timely manner. This kind of scientific research system obviously no longer meets the needs of the market economy for science and technology.
5. Enterprises' innovation consciousness and ability are not strong, and they have not become the main body of technological innovation and technology transfer.
Enterprises are the main body of the national innovation system and the best place for the transformation of achievements. In countries with relatively developed market economies and science and technology, enterprises are the real subjects of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Enterprises will propose scientific research projects based on market needs, search for projects as needed, and quickly introduce production processes after obtaining the projects. Therefore, whether they are world-famous large enterprises or small and medium-sized enterprises, they all place scientific research and technology development in a vital position. Many multinational companies have their own research institutes. These R&D institutions can cooperate with university and non-university research institutions. Work closely, support each other, and complement each other. However, my country's scientific and technological innovation is still dominated by state investment, and most enterprises have not yet reached the track of truly relying on scientific and technological progress. Enterprises have insufficient motivation and ability to conduct research and development and absorb scientific and technological achievements. A considerable number of enterprises excessively pursue short-term interests and are generally unwilling to invest large amounts of money in necessary research and development work. Some scientific and technological achievements with high technological content and large market potential are difficult to transform and transform in enterprises. Promote applications.
In addition, some companies are keen to blindly introduce foreign technology, eager to use technology that can be used quickly and produce benefits quickly, which is the so-called "turnkey" project. "Trust" in imported technology and "distrust" in domestically owned technology have also become obstacles to the transformation of domestic scientific and technological achievements.
6． Policy implementation and implementation are not in place, hindering the process of transformation of results.
One of the measures to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is to implement active and effective incentive policies. In order to mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific and technological personnel and stimulate their innovation potential, my country's scientific and technological circles are actively exploring new distribution methods. One of them is to allow scientific and technological personnel to hold shares reasonably and let them participate in distribution with technical and intellectual elements. Practice has proven that this method stimulates the enthusiasm of scientific and technological personnel, attracts a large amount of social funds to invest in the scientific and technological industry, and accelerates the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Currently, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and other provinces and cities have incentive policies for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in key industrial fields, such as software, integrated circuits, modern biotechnology, new materials and other fields. However, due to various reasons, some policies have not been implemented, and some incentive policies have become decorations, seriously affecting the enthusiasm of scientific and technological personnel. For example, the "Several Regulations of Shanghai on Promoting the Transformation of High-tech Achievements" stipulates that when transferring high-tech achievements, individual scientific researchers can enjoy no less than 20% of the transfer income. Driven by this policy, the success rate of private enterprises in transforming scientific and technological achievements has been significantly improved. However, this has become a problem in some state-owned units. Some people believe that researchers in state-owned units receive state salaries and research funds are invested by the state. If part of the income from transfer of results is transferred to individual scientific and technological personnel, it will cause the loss of state-owned assets. Under the influence of this view, leaders and scientific and technological personnel of some scientific research units did not dare to take a step beyond the limits. Valuable scientific and technological achievements were shelved and the opportunity for transformation was lost.