What are the main ways to transfer and transform scientific and technological achievements?

There are five main ways to transform scientific and technological achievements: ① self-investment; ② Transfer scientific and technological achievements to others; (3) Licensing others to use scientific and technological achievements; (4) Take scientific and technological achievements as cooperation conditions, and implement transformation with others; ⑤ Take scientific and technological achievements as the investment price, and convert the shares or capital contribution ratio. Among them, the first method belongs to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements by the holders themselves, that is, colleges, research institutes or enterprises apply their scientific and technological achievements to their own production activities. The characteristic of this method is that there is no intermediate link, which reduces the transaction cost of achievement transformation, but it is only suitable for the main body with perfect R&D and production chain. The second and third methods belong to transfer transformation, that is, the holder of scientific and technological achievements transfers the right to use or ownership of scientific and technological achievements to the demand side of technology through licensing and transfer, which is the main way for universities and research institutes to realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The fourth and fifth modes belong to the cooperative transformation mode, which is conducive to the formation of a cooperative mechanism with technology as the link, enjoying benefits and taking risks.