1, Britain took the lead in having the conditions for the industrial revolution. 17th century and18th century, British workshop handicraft industry rose rapidly in cotton textile, mining, metallurgy, salt making, glass and other industries. 18 in the 1960s, the British industrial revolution began with the cotton textile industry. 1733, J. Kay invented the shuttle, which doubled the weaving efficiency. Jenny spinning machine was invented by J. Hargreaves in 1767 and patented in 1770. 1769, R. arkwright invented the hydraulic spinning machine, 177 1 year, and he founded the first cotton mill in Clonford.
2. France 18 started at the end of this year. /kloc-after the bourgeois revolution at the end of 0/8, France unified its domestic market through unified measurement and tariffs. By the late 1960s of 19, the industrial revolution had been completed.
3. The German industrial revolution developed greatly in the late 1940s of 19. The centers of cotton textile industry are located in Bavaria, Wü rttemberg and Baden. 1847 powered by steam engines, large-scale factories operated by joint-stock companies appeared in the 1950s. The decline of hemp textile industry is because rural families turn to cotton textile industry. The wool textile industry developed into a small-scale industry in the 1920s, but it declined in the mid-19th century, and resumed as a large industry after the reunification of Germany.
4. From 65438 to 1930s, the handicraft industry in Russian workshops reached a considerable scale. Big businessmen, businessmen's employers, rich peasants and some landlords and nobles who operate commodity agriculture and workshop handicrafts have accumulated a lot of capital and are qualified to engage in machine production. The domestic and international markets have further expanded, and the conditions for Russia's industrial revolution have basically taken shape. In the Russian industrial revolution, railways played a leading role in all stages. 185 1 year, the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Moscow was opened to traffic.
186 1 years ago, three industrial centers were formed: ① Urals. ② Central industrial zone. ③ Baltic coastal industrial zone.
5. Other European countries basically started in the first half of19th century at the latest. For example, Poland, Bohemia (Czech Republic) in Central Europe, Milan and Catalonia in Southern Europe all had considerable industries by the end of 19, and completed the industrial revolution to varying degrees.
The industrial revolution in Europe usually refers to the revolution of capitalist machinery industry in Europe, rather than the revolution of workshop handicraft industry based on manual technology. Also known as the industrial revolution. It is not only a revolution in production technology, but also a major change in social production relations. It started in11960s and 1980s, and ended at the end of 19. The industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of social productive forces, so that the commodity economy eventually replaced the natural economy. The transformation of handicraft workshops into factories with large machines is a great leap in productivity.