The meaning of domain name
Network is based on TCP/IP protocol for communication and connection, and each host has a unique and fixed IP address to distinguish thousands of users and computers on the network. When distinguishing all connected networks and hosts, networks adopt a unique and universal address format, that is, each network and host connected to the network are assigned a unique address. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the IP address of each computer on the network, users must apply for registration with a specific organization, which allocates IP addresses according to the network size and recent development plan of the user unit. There are two address schemes in the network: IP address system and domain name address system. These two address systems are actually one-to-one correspondence. IP addresses are represented by binary numbers. Each IP address is 32 bits long and consists of 4 numbers less than 256. These numbers are separated by dots. For example,166.11.1.1stands for an IP address. Because IP address is a digital identification, it is difficult to remember and write when using it, so a symbolic address scheme is developed based on IP address to replace digital IP address. Each symbolic address corresponds to a specific IP address, so it is much easier to access resources on the network. This character address corresponding to the digital IP address on the network is called domain name.
It can be seen that the domain name is the name of the internet unit and the address of the unit that logs into the network through the computer. If a company wants to establish its own homepage on the Internet, it must obtain a domain name, which is also composed of several parts, including numbers and letters. For example, www.chaoshannet.com is the domain name of Chaoshan.com. Through this address, people can find a chat bar on the Internet, so as to find the required detailed information. Domain name is an important symbol of online units and individuals on the network, which plays a role of identification and facilitates others to identify and retrieve the information resources of an enterprise, organization or individual, so as to better realize resource sharing on the network. In addition to the identification function, in the virtual environment, domain names can also play the role of guidance, publicity and representation.
Domain names can be divided into different levels, including top-level domain names and second-level domain names. Top-level domain names are divided into two categories: one is national top-level domain names (nTLDs). At present, more than 200 countries have allocated top-level domains according to ISO3 166, such as China is cn, the United States is us, and Japan is jp. The second is the international top-level domain name (itd), such as. Industrial and commercial enterprise network. Net to network providers. Org is a non-profit organization. At present, most domain name disputes occur under the entry-level domain name of com, because most companies surf the Internet for profit. In order to strengthen domain name management and solve the shortage of domain name resources, international organizations such as Internet Society, Internet Address Organization and World Intellectual Property Organization (WEPO) have extensively solicited opinions. On the basis of the original three international top-level domain names: (com.net.org), Seven international top-level domain names have been added: firm (company), store (sales company or enterprise), Web (unit that highlights WWW activities), arts (unit that highlights cultural and recreational activities), rec (unit that highlights entertainment and leisure activities), info (unit that provides information services) and nom (individual), and new registration agencies have been selected to accept domain names worldwide.
Such as www.ttsd.BIZ.tm Country: tm, Turkmenistan, Classification: BIZ, commerce.
The second-level domain name refers to the domain name under the top-level domain name, and the online name of the domain name registrant under the international top-level domain name, such as ibm, Yahoo, Microsoft, etc. Under the national top-level domain name, it is a symbol indicating the registered enterprise category, such as com, edu, gov, net, etc.
The top-level domain name officially registered and operated by China in the Internet Information Center (Inter NIC) is CN, which is also the first-level domain name of China. Under the top-level domain name, China's second-level domain names are divided into category domain names and administrative domain names. 6 domain names * * *, among which scientific research institutions use AC; Com industrial and commercial financial enterprises; edu； For educational institutions; Gov for government departments; Net; Internet information center and operation center; Org is a non-profit organization. There are 34 administrative domain names, corresponding to provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. The third-level domain name consists of letters (a ~ z, a ~ z, uppercase and lowercase letters, etc. ), numbers (0 ~ 9) and connectors (-). Domain names at all levels use real dots (. ), and the length of the third-level domain name cannot exceed 20 characters. If there is no special reason, it is suggested to use the applicant's English name (or abbreviation) or Chinese phonetic name (or abbreviation) as the third-level domain name to keep the domain name clear and concise.
Domain name registration follows the principle of first application and first registration, and the management organization does not conduct any substantive examination on whether the domain name proposed by the applicant infringes the rights of a third party. At the same time, the registration of each domain name is unique and unrepeatable. Therefore, on the Internet, domain name is a relatively limited resource, and its value will be gradually valued by people with the increase of registered enterprises.
Since domain name is a valuable resource, can it be the object of intellectual property protection? We believe that in the new economic environment, the commercial significance of domain name is far greater than its technical significance, and it has become an important means for enterprises to participate in international market competition under the new scientific and technological conditions. It not only represents the unique position of the enterprise on the network, but also reflects the comprehensive products, service scope, image and goodwill of the enterprise, and is a part of the intangible assets of the enterprise. At the same time, domain name is also a kind of intellectual achievement, a kind of commercial mark with literal meaning, similar to trademarks and trade names, which embodies considerable creativity. In the process of domain name design and selection, some creative work is needed to make the domain name representing one's own company concise and attractive, so that the public can be familiar with and visit it, so as to expand the visibility of enterprises and promote business development. It can be said that the domain name is not a simple logo symbol, but it condenses the goodwill and recognition of the company. The use of domain names has rich connotations for enterprises, far from the simple word "logo". Therefore, at present, both academic circles and practical departments tend to regard domain names as an object of enterprise intellectual property rights. Moreover, from a global perspective, although domain names are not protected as exclusive rights in national legislation, the international domain Harmonized System is formulated through the World Intellectual Property Organization, which shows that people have regarded domain names as a part of intellectual property rights.
Of course, compared with the traditional intellectual property field, domain name is a brand-new object with its own characteristics. For example, the use of domain names is global, without traditional strict geographical restrictions; From the perspective of timeliness, once the domain name is obtained, it can be used permanently without regular renewal; Domain name Domain name is absolutely unique on the Internet. Once registered, no one else can register or use the same domain name, so its exclusivity is absolute. In addition, domain names must be registered by legal institutions before they can be used, which is different from traditional objects such as patents and trademarks, and so on. Even so, it is scientific and feasible to regard domain name as the object of intellectual property rights, which is beneficial and harmless to protect the relevant legitimate rights and interests of enterprises on the Internet in practice.
Supplement:
What is a domain name?
Technically speaking, domain name is just a way to solve the problem of address correspondence in the Internet. It can be said that it is just a technical term. However, because the Internet has become the Internet for people all over the world, domain name has naturally become a social science term.
Why register a domain name?
Internet, the darling of the information age, has stepped out of infancy and is recognized by more and more people. E-commerce, online sales and online advertising have become the focus of business attention. "surfing the internet" has become the mantra of many people. However, if you want to set up a server to publish information on the Internet, you must register your own domain name first. Only when you have your own domain name can others visit you. Therefore, domain name registration is the basis for establishing any service on the Internet. At the same time, due to the uniqueness of domain names, it is very necessary to register as soon as possible.
Why not pay attention to the domain name is more headache than registered trademark?
Because domain names and trademarks are unique in their respective fields, and with the development of the Internet, from the perspective of corporate image building, domain names have a subtle connection with trademarks in a sense. Therefore, it has some common features with trademarks. When choosing a domain name, many enterprises often want to use a domain name that is consistent with their own corporate trademarks. However, domain names are more unique than trademarks. For example:
An electronics group company that also holds the registered trademark of Panda has a conflict with a daily chemical factory in domain name registration. According to the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Domain Name Registration in China, both companies have the right to register with Panda as the domain name, but there is only one in panda.xxx.cn. Therefore, if the applied domain name meets the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Domain Name Registration in China, CNNIC will handle it on a first-come-first-served basis. A daily chemical factory applied for panda.xxx.cn first, and an electronic group company was successfully registered in a daily chemical factory. The website was opened before submitting the domain name application in panda.xxx.cn. Therefore, an electronics group company can no longer use panda.xxx.cn as its domain name.
From the above example, it is not difficult to see that an electronics group company can still sell its Panda brand electrical appliances, but I am afraid it will never let its users see its www.panda.xxx.cn website. This is undoubtedly a pity.
What domain names are there on the Internet?
China's domain name system also follows international practice, including two systems: category domain name and administrative domain name.
Category domain name refers to the first six domain names in the figure, which are divided into:
AC scientific research institutions
COM industrial, commercial, financial and other enterprises
EDU educational institutions
GOV government department
NET internet, connected to the network information center (NIC) and operation center (NOC).
ORG various non-profit organizations.
Administrative domain names are divided according to China's administrative divisions, and the division standards are determined according to the national standards issued by the former State Bureau of Technical Supervision, including 34 "administrative domain names", which are applicable to all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
What are the general rules for naming domain names on the Internet?
Because domain names at all levels on the Internet are managed by different organizations, the methods of domain name management and the rules of domain name naming are also different. However, there are some * * * rules for naming domain names, mainly as follows:
The domain name can only contain the following characters:
1.26 English letters
2. Ten numbers "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9"
3. "-"(English conjunction)
Second, the combination rules of characters in the domain name:
1. In a domain name, English letters are case-insensitive.
2. The length of the domain name is limited.
The rules for naming domain names under CN are:
First of all, follow all the rules of domain name naming.
2. Only the third-level domain name can be registered. The third-level domain name consists of letters (A-0Z, a-z, case equivalence), numbers (0-9) and connectors (-), and real dots (. ), and the length of the third-level domain name shall not exceed 20 characters;
3. The following names shall not be used or restricted (the following table lists some materials that need to be provided when registering such domain names):
1) The registration includes "China", "China", "CN" and "Nationality".
Approved by relevant state departments (units above ministerial level)
2) The names of other countries or regions, foreign place names and international organizations that are well known to the public shall not be used.
3) the full name or abbreviation of the name of the administrative division at or above the county level (including the county level)
The relevant people's governments at or above the county level (including the county level) formally approved it.
4) Trade names or generic names of commodities shall not be used.
5) Do not use the enterprise name or trademark name registered by others in China.
6) Do not use names that are harmful to the national, social or public interests.
7) The official approval of the relevant state departments (units above ministerial level) and the people's governments above county level (including county level) means that the relevant institutions should give written documents to express their consent to the registration of XXX domain names by XXXX units. For example, if you want to apply for a domain name in beijing.com.cn, you must provide the approval of the Beijing Municipal People's Government.
How to manage the domain name under CN?
In order to ensure the normal operation of the Internet and provide services for all Internet users, the International Internet Information Center (InterNIC) has been established internationally to serve all Internet users. Due to the huge scale of the network and the relationship between languages, all countries have established their own national Internet information centers to provide more timely and convenient services for their Internet users. In order to adapt to the development of China's Internet and better serve China's rapidly growing netizens, China Academy of Sciences set up China Internet Information Center (CNNIC) in the Computer Network Information Center, entrusted by the former the State Council Informatization Leading Group Office, to perform the duties of the National Internet Information Center. One of the main businesses of CNNIC is domain name registration service. CNNIC strictly abides by the Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Domain Name Registration in China and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Internet Domain Name Registration in China.
What kind of domain name should I register?
It is very important to register a good domain name. A good domain name is often consistent with the following information of the company:
1, Chinese and English abbreviation of company name.
2. Registered trademarks of enterprise products
3. Chinese and English content is consistent with the advertising language of the enterprise, but be careful not to exceed 20 characters.
4. Interesting names such as hello, howareyou, yes, 168 and so on.
How to deal with domain name conflicts?
If the domain name you applied for has already been registered by others, there will be domain name registration conflicts. The solution to the conflict is to change the name, or add "-"or some letters to the applied domain name, or choose other available domain names. Here are some examples:
Existing domain names are domain names registered by users to avoid conflicts.
chaoshan.gd.cn
diosuan.com
jasmy.com
wuxingji.com
The above is just how to avoid conflicts in domain name registration, and domain name conflicts can also be solved by legal means. You can bring a lawsuit to the court.
When there is a legal dispute over the domain name, according to the management regulations, CNNIC's approach is:
CNNIC is not responsible for inquiring the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the trademark administration department whether the user's domain name conflicts with the registered trademark or enterprise name or infringes the rights and interests of a third party. Any disputes arising from such conflicts shall be handled by the applicant himself and bear legal responsibilities. When the third-level domain name is the same as the registered trademark or enterprise name in China, and the registered domain name is not owned by the registered trademark or enterprise name holder, the domain name holder can continue to use its domain name without any objection from the registered trademark or enterprise name holder; If the owner of a registered trademark or enterprise name raises an objection, the domain name management units at all levels shall keep the domain name service for the domain name owner for 30 days from the date of confirming the existence of the registered trademark or enterprise name right, and terminate the domain name service after 30 days.
What should I pay attention to after domain name registration is completed?
After the domain name registration is completed, you can use your own domain name to establish an online publicity website. However, one thing must not be forgotten, that is, you have to pay the annual fee of 300 yuan RMB for your domain name, and the payment method is the same as when you register. In addition, once a domain name is registered, it cannot be bought or sold. When the domain name registration information needs to be modified (the domain name itself is not allowed to be modified), the domain name application form stamped with the official seal of the company shall be submitted to CNNIC, and the modification matters shall be indicated on the domain name registration application form.
How to use your own domain name?
After domain name registration, it is often a concern of users to establish their own Internet service system by using domain names. So, how to design your own image on the Internet? The following suggestions, hoping to play a role of "throwing bricks to attract jade".
1. Establish an email system of your own, so that every employee in this unit can use your company's domain name address to send and receive emails.
2. Establish a company homepage.
3. Print your homepage address on your advertisement.
International top-level domain name
There are many kinds of domain names on the Internet, but according to the structure of domain names, domain names can be divided into two categories, one is called "international top-level domain name" (international domain for short) and the other is called "domestic domain name".
Generally, the last suffix of international domain is some "international domain names" such as. com，。 Net, The government and. Edu, these different suffixes represent different institutional attributes. For example, Com stands for business organization. Net stands for network service organization. Gov stands for government organizations and. Edu stands for educational organization.
Domestic domain name
The suffixes of domestic domain names usually include "international domain" and "national domain", and "national domain" is the last suffix. According to ISO3 1660, each country has its own fixed national territory, such as: cn stands for China, us stands for the United States, and uk stands for the United Kingdom.
domain name system
The full name of DNS is domain name server. Before describing DNS servers, you may need to
Explain what a domain name is first. The method of identifying computers on the network is beneficial.
Use IP, but a set of IP numbers is not easy to remember and has no associative meaning, because
Here, we will give a meaningful and memorable name to the server on the network. this
Let's call it a "domain name".
Most DNS maintain a huge database, which describes the corresponding relationship between domain names and ip, and updates it regularly.
There are dozens of top DNS resolution servers in the world, if these servers go down.
Figuratively speaking, domain name is the name on the computer network, and ip is the house number.
Note: However, ip and domain name are not in one-to-one correspondence. An ip can correspond to multiple domain names, while a large website often has a domain name corresponding to multiple servers.