In this regard, experts and scholars all over the world have deeply reflected on this situation and analyzed many reasons, including the impact of the bursting of the network bubble, excessive competition, excessive investment, blind expansion, control measures mistakes, 3G hype and so on. It provides a good reference for the reform and development of China telecom industry in the future. In the late 20th century, the reform of the telecommunications industry began, and the focus of the reform was to break the monopoly and introduce competition into the telecommunications business market. However, in the history of the development of the telecommunications industry in the United States, the competition in the telecommunications industry did not begin during this period. The road to anti-monopoly The US government's anti-monopoly efforts have never stopped. However, after the Bell telephone patent expired, the American telecommunications industry experienced the process from free competition to monopoly. This makes people deeply understand the scale economy characteristics of the telecommunications industry, so it has become a generally accepted view that the telecommunications industry is a strong natural monopoly industry. Therefore, the US government will be at at & amp； T in the case of making a universal service commitment, at & amp； Don't monopolize the telecommunications business. But at the same time, AT & amp； The purpose of obtaining high profits is not only to ensure the development of the industry in the most effective way, but also to protect the interests of users and avoid all kinds of disadvantages brought by monopoly. At that time, under the condition of single telecom technology and service type, both enterprises and users had no more choices, so it was difficult to introduce competition.
1973, MCI launched a service called "Execunet". Users can dial a code number on any local telephone system, and then dial a series of authorization numbers, area codes and the other party's local telephone number to complete the call across Bell and MCI line systems. Because the implementation network uses low-cost MCI microwave lines, the charging ratio is&; T's wired network is cheap, which is the first time for AT&; T constitutes competitive pressure. And at&T immediately announced that it refused to provide access for MCI. On March 6th 1974, MCI formally filed a lawsuit against AT&; T violated the federal antitrust law. After years of litigation, the court decision of 1978 confirmed the legality of MCI long-distance telephone competition, forcing AT & amp； T must provide connection for MCI and allow MCI to rent with &; T's local telephone line At this point, at & amp； T's monopoly in the field of long-distance telephone has been completely broken. MCI and at & amp； T contest, let the U.S. government see the opportunity of anti-monopoly in the telecommunications industry, at & amp； T's third antitrust lawsuit was finally filed in AT & amp； The disintegration of T has opened up a situation for the telecom industry to introduce competition. Due to technical progress and business innovation, various obstacles in the process of introducing competition have been eliminated, reform measures have been successfully implemented, full competition for long-distance services has been successfully formed as scheduled, and the price of long-distance telephone services has dropped rapidly, bringing practical benefits to consumers. It can be said that this is a typical example of technology and business innovation promoting the effective implementation of institutional innovation. The promulgation of Telecommunications Law and the subsequent promulgation and implementation of 1996 Telecommunications Law, another major event in the history of American telecommunications industry, did not continue to let the competition mechanism promote the prosperity of the telecommunications industry as people hoped.
Undeniably, the implementation of Telecommunication Law 1996 also meets the requirements of technological development and changes, and the resulting changes in the market environment. The last 20 years of the 20th century witnessed the fastest development of telecommunications technology and services, and the global telecommunications industry has undergone fundamental changes. First of all, with the rapid development and wide application of digital technology, telephone, data and image signals can be transmitted and exchanged through unified coding, laying the foundation for providing comprehensive services. Secondly, the development of optical communication technology makes the communication transmission capacity increase rapidly, which provides the necessary bandwidth and transmission quality for the comprehensive transmission of various business information, and is an ideal platform for various businesses. The development of wireless communication and mobile communication technology provides new and more flexible access methods for communication and makes communication services more personalized. 1996, the adoption of the new telecommunications law in the United States marked the beginning of the full opening of the telecommunications industry in the United States. The Telecommunications Law clearly stipulates that long-distance companies can operate local services, local companies can operate long-distance services, cable TV companies can operate telecommunications services, telecommunications companies can operate information and film and television services, any company can participate in competition and operate the above services, and telecommunications companies must provide network access for any competitors. Obviously, the American Telecommunications Act of 1996 is intended to form competition in all business fields of the telecommunications industry, especially in the local business field, but from the perspective of the implementation of the new telecommunications law for several years, it has not achieved the expected goal.
Facts have proved that it is difficult to achieve local business competition by using unbound network elements, and it is not easy for the original local operators to sell "every point and every part" of their networks, while competitive operators often lack the necessary technical resources to use unbound network elements. After 1996, a large number of new telecom companies appeared in American telecom industry, and the competitive pressure increased rapidly. In addition, the regulatory agencies did not take corresponding measures, which led to a serious oversupply in the market, serious vicious competition, a decline in corporate profits, operating losses, and a sluggish industry as a whole. 1996 the ups and downs of the telecommunications industry in the United States after the post-competition era reflect a misunderstanding in the telecommunications reform, that is, monopoly must be broken, and the telecommunications reform is to introduce competition, which will certainly bring prosperity to the telecommunications industry. It must be emphasized that introducing competition into the telecommunications industry is only a better way to promote the development of the telecommunications industry, rather than the fundamental purpose of the telecommunications reform. No matter at home or abroad, in some specific historical periods, monopoly has also made the telecommunications industry develop very well, but monopoly does make enterprises lack the motivation to innovate and bring resistance to the development of the industry. It is precisely because competition is more helpful than monopoly to encourage enterprises to carry out technological innovation and business innovation and provide better services to users, so breaking monopoly and introducing competition can become the main theme of telecom reform.