Tang poetry and Song poetry are two pearls in the history of Chinese literature. The Tang Dynasty is called the era of poetry, while the Song Dynasty is called the era of poetry. Ci originated from the folk, began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Five Dynasties, and flourished in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, with the development of cities and the rise of the citizen class, people's pursuit of cultural life became more intense as material life became richer. At that time, not only were there teaching centers in the palace, but there were also Kabuki theaters in many cities, and even some bureaucrats and gentry had Kabuki dancers in their homes. This social custom provided conditions for the widespread development of Song poetry. There are a huge number of Song lyrics. The "Complete Song Ci" compiled by the recent Tang Guizhang contains more than 1,330 famous poets and more than 19,900 works.
In the development and prosperity of Song Ci, the guiding role of the entire society is also very obvious. If the poets of the Tang Dynasty were to some extent just tools and playthings for the royal family and its rulers, then the poets of the Song Dynasty had jumped onto the political stage from being appreciated by others and became the political stage of the Song Dynasty. The main character on. The emperors of the Song Dynasty all loved poetry, and the ministers of the Song Dynasty were all poets. Politicians Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Sima Guang and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty were all famous poets at that time. Li Qingzhao, a woman who never appeared in the feudal society, also became a famous poet and her name will last forever. In the imperial examinations at that time, there was a popular proverb: "If Su Wen is mature, eat mutton; if Su Wen is unsatisfied, eat vegetable soup." This shows the extent to which the poet Su Shi was worshiped. It is precisely because of the recognition and admiration of the whole society that Song Ci can produce excellent poems one after another and have a long-lasting influence.
The reasons are as follows:
① The prosperity of urban handicraft industry and commercial economy in the Song Dynasty is the material basis for the prosperity of Song Ci.
② The expansion of the citizen class and the improvement of living standards The improvement of society requires a rich cultural and entertainment life.
③ The social conflicts between the two Song Dynasties were sharp, and writers could better express their thoughts and emotions with words
The prosperity of Song Ci and the special background of the Song Dynasty It is closely related to the stylistic characteristics of the words. Ci originated from the folk and has a strong entertainment color. Due to the policy of emphasizing civility over military affairs in the Song Dynasty, civil servants enjoyed very generous treatment. When Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty was "releasing military power over a glass of wine", he publicly encouraged ministers to "buy more singers and dancers." What is good at the top must be good at the bottom, so the whole society has formed a culture of competing for pleasure. And because the society in the Song Dynasty (especially the Northern Song Dynasty) was relatively stable, the political situation was relatively stable. Ci, a literary form with a strong entertainment color and almost no traditional political or moral load, finally found the most suitable growth environment in the Song Dynasty, so it developed at an unusual speed.
Let’s talk about the achievements of Song Ci first. The lyrics originate from the music lyrics of the Tang Dynasty. The sentences can be long or short, and are closely integrated with the music and can be sung. Due to the development of commerce and urban prosperity in the Song Dynasty, the number of citizens continued to increase, and lyrics that could be sung were more suitable for the needs of urban entertainment life than other forms of literary works. At that time, class contradictions and ethnic conflicts were very acute, and lyrics with sentences of varying lengths were also It was more convenient to express people's thoughts of concern for the country and the people, so it gradually flourished, replacing poetry and becoming the mainstream of literature. The text introduces the lyric writing styles and achievements of Liu Yong, Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji and Lu You respectively according to the four stages of the early Northern Song Dynasty, the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. Liu Yong is an important representative of the graceful school of poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty. He has lived in the city for a long time, and his works mostly express the prosperity of the city and the joys and sorrows of men and women. He is especially good at expressing the loneliness and nostalgia of traveling abroad. His lyrics mostly use slang and spoken language, which are popular and vivid. "Wherever there is well water, one can sing willow lyrics" (Ye Mengde: "Recording Words for a Summer Vacation"), so they are widely circulated. His lyrics also incorporated a large number of narrative elements, which not only expanded the realm of lyrics, but also opened the door for the development of Yuan opera. Su Shi was the founder and main representative of the bold school in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. His lyrics had a wide range of themes, greatly expanding the content of his lyrics, and injecting strong vitality into his lyrics with his bold and unrestrained emotions. Li Qingzhao, who lived at the turn of the Song Dynasty, was an outstanding female poet of the graceful school. She put forward the idea that "civilization is a family" and was good at using line drawing techniques and simple words to express the true emotions in her heart. Xin Qiji and the poet Lu You of the Southern Song Dynasty advocated active resistance to the Jin Dynasty. Their works were mainly bold and bold, profoundly expressing their strong desire to restore the Central Plains. Su Shi and Xin Qiji were the most representative and most accomplished lyricists in the Song Dynasty. The textbooks are still in the "History" Their lives are introduced in the small columns and illustrations of "Zonghengheng". It must be pointed out that the bold writers of the Song Dynasty mainly wrote bold and bold works, but they also wrote some very touching and graceful words, and they were not just bold and bold.
Chapter 3 Su Shi
Section 1 Life and Character
1. A life of ups and downs
Before the reform, he was famous In the capital, he first entered the official career and expressed his political views
He left the central government during the political reform and served successively in four states. In the Wutai Shi case, he was demoted to Huangzhou.
When Yuanyou changed his position, he returned to the central government and held important positions successively. The old party split and was assigned to foreign posts.
Zhe Zong took power personally, the New Party revived, and he was demoted to Lingnan and Hainan. Huizong was pardoned and returned to the north
2. Po Xian’s character of great learning and broad understanding
Su Shi’s life He read a lot of books, entered Confucianism and Taoism, was immersed in Buddhism and Zen, and absorbed various schools of thought. He integrated the common points of the three schools into one, and each has its own use. Therefore, his mind and personality are broad, open, and flexible. The coexistence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in the Song Dynasty is most obvious in him. In terms of political attitude and period of service, he adopted Confucianism more, and in terms of life cultivation and relegation period, he adopted Buddhism more. He is not only "hard-working and determined to succeed in the world," but also able to adapt to circumstances when he is frustrated, be content with the situation, and pursue self-improvement.
In short, he has an extremely practical side and a very detached side; he has a very serious side and a very easy-going side. In the unity of contradictions, he shows an unusual personality charm.
The second section of the bachelor's poem "We are one family"
"Mr. Dongpo is not obsessed with music. He occasionally composes songs and points out the way up, which will bring new eyes and ears to the world. The author only knows this." "Self-vibration." (Wang Zhuo's "Bi Ji Manzhi") Liu Chenweng's "Xin Jiaxuan Ci Preface": "The poems are upright and upright, like poetry and prose, like the wonders of heaven and earth, how can they be more clumsy than the female voice of the group of children. ”
Su Shi’s greatest contribution to Ci is “using poetry as Ci”. It is to write words in the same way as poetry, and incorporate the theme, image, artistic conception, and creative method of the poem into the words to make the words "poetry" and become a new independent word style. ”
The specific performance is to open up the context of the words and improve the quality of the words. It expands the expressive function of the words, enriches the emotional connotation of the words, and expands the time and space scenes of the words. It breaks through the rhythm and weakens the musicality of the words. It makes the poem a new style of poetry that can develop independently. It uses allusions to change the language characteristics of the poem. The style of Su's poem is diverse, especially Qingxiong's broad-mindedness and boldness, which brings a new aesthetic realm to the history of poetry.
Intensive reading works: "Jiang Chengzi", "Ding Feng Bo" and "Shui Long Yin"
Section 3 Su Shi's Poems
Su Shi's poems are the most numerous and richest ones. There are more than 2,700 poems. Ye Xie's "Original Poems" says: "Su Shi's poems have a realm that has never been seen before in ancient and modern times. Everything in the world is full of laughter and curses, and they are all inspired by the pen, and they are exactly what he wants to say. "His poems inherited the fine traditions of the Tang and Song dynasties, with a wide range of themes and diverse styles, reflecting his extraordinary creative talent and artistic expression ability, fully expressing his turbulent life, mixed thoughts, and philanthropic spirit. His bold talent and broad-minded character often contain profound philosophies.
Intensive reading works: "Visiting Jinshan Temple" and "Drunken Book at Wanghu Tower on June 27th". "Later Rain", "Wuzhongtian Woman's Sigh" and "Litchi Sigh";
Section 4 Su Shi's essays and poems
Su Shi has more than 4,000 articles in various styles, with colorful The artistic style represents the peak of Song's literary creation. His arguments are eloquent and clear, and his narrative writing is free and easy to understand, which fully reflects his ability to follow the shapes of things and his talent. The essays and sketches are interesting and touching, which best express his charming character and interesting life.
Intensive reading of the works: "Night Tour of Chengtian Temple" and "Previous". "Red Cliff Ode"
Section 5 The significance and influence of Su Shi
Su Shi is a talented literary giant who can be called the representative of the highest achievement of literature in the Song Dynasty. He typically embodies the spirit of the Song Dynasty. Cultural spirit. His comprehensive literary talents and outstanding personality charm made him the favorite writer and the most cordial friend of the literati in the late feudal society of China. Upright intellectuals in any situation can learn from his works. Find *** Ming.
His works were widely circulated at the time and had a profound influence after his death. Under his influence, Sumen writers made great achievements in their respective literary works. It has reached the peak of development in this field and has become a model for future generations to learn from.