2005 165438+ 10, 65438+3, Jian' an seven sons.
Seven writers in Jian 'an period (196 ~ 220). It was Cao Pi who first put forward the "seven sons". He said in Dian Lun Paper: "Today's literati include Lu Kongju, Guangling Chen Zhang, Wang Can, Beihai Xu, Liu Chen Ruan, Runan Yang Yingde Lian and Dongping Liu Zhengong. Seven sons. There is nothing left to learn, nothing left to say, nothing left to say. " These seven people generally represent outstanding writers except Cao Shi and his son in Jian 'an period, so the theory of "seven sons" has been widely recognized by later generations.
The life of "seven sons" can basically be divided into two periods. In the early stage of the great social war at the end of the Han Dynasty, although their social status and life experiences were different, they could not escape the fate of sharing weal and woe. In the later period, they were all attached to Cao Cao, Kong Rong was a big official in Shaofu, RoyceWong was a servant, and the rest were close ministers of Cao Shi and his son. But Kong Rong later clashed with Cao Cao and was killed. Because these seven people joined Cao Cao at different times, there is no unified boundary between their early and late periods. Kong Rong was in the first year of Jian 'an (196), Xu Gan and Ruan Ji were in the early period of Jian 'an, Chen Lin was in Jian 'an for five years, RoyceWong was in Jian 'an for thirteen years, and Liu Zhen and Angelababy were in Jian 'an for thirteen years. Corresponding to their life trajectory, the creation of "Seven Sons" can also be divided into two stages. The early works mostly reflect the reality of social unrest and express the feelings of worrying about the country and the people. His main works include RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems, Ode to the Building, Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Ruan Ji's Driving Out of the North Gate, and Serina Liu's Gift to My Brother. All of them have practical significance and certain ideological depth; However, some works are too deep and sentimental, such as Ruan Ji's seven-wound poem, Liu Zhen's missing topic, which has never existed in heaven and earth, and so on. His later works mostly reflect his support for Cao Shi's regime and his ambition to establish his own political achievements, and the content is mostly banquets and answers. However, some praises to Cao Shi and his son are accompanied by followers, showing vulgar attitudes. However, whether before or after, the creation of "seven sons" is mainly based on positive and healthy content.
The creation of Seven Sons has its own personality and unique style. Kong Rong is good at reciting prose, and his works are full of vigor. RoyceWong's poems, poems and essays are both good and good, and his works are lyrical. Serina Liu is good at poetry, and his style is desolate. Chen Lin and Ruan Ji, who are famous for their Zhang Shibiao, also made some achievements in poetry creation at that time. The difference in their styles is that Chen Lin is more vigorous and Ruan Ji is more natural and fluent. Xu Gan has both poetry and prose, exquisite writing style and soothing body. Lian Ying can also write poems and songs, and his works are harmonious and literary. There are also similarities in the creative styles of "seven sons", which is the era style of Jian 'an literature. The specific content of this style of the times and the reasons for its formation are what Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Time Series": "When you look at the time, you are elegant and generous, good at leaving the world, far from the wind, deep in ambition and long in pen, so the outline is rich."
"Seven Scholars" have a very important position in the history of China literature. Together with the "Three Caos", they formed the main force of Jian 'an writers. They all contributed to the development of poetry, prose and prose.
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The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
"Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" refers to seven celebrities in Jin Dynasty: Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu and Wang Rong. They are unrestrained and often sing and drink under the bamboo forest. One of the most famous drinkers is Liu Ling. Liu Ling said: "Born in Liu Ling, in the name of wine, one drink and one welcome, five fights"; & lt& lt wine spectrum >> Liu Ling often carries a hip flask with him, rides a deer cart, drinks while walking, and follows the cart alone with a digging tool. When she dies, she will be buried on the spot. Ruan Xian is even more shameless to drink. Every time he drinks with Zongren, he always uses a big basin to hold the wine, without a glass or a spoon. Everyone sat around the wine basin and drank with their hands. Pigs come to drink water, but there is no hurry. Ruan Xian also joined the pigs to drink together. Liu Ling once wrote & gt a song to the effect that I walked without a trace, lived without a house, acted on the ground and did what I wanted. Whether I stop or walk, I always drink with a glass in my hand, but wine is business, and I don't know anything else. I don't care what others say. The more others want to comment, the more they want to drink. When they drink, they will sleep, and they will be in a trance. In a quiet place, they can't hear even if it thunders. They turn a blind eye to Mount Tai, don't know whether the weather is cold or hot, and don't know the desires and feelings in the world. This poem by Liu Ling fully reflects the mentality of the literati in the Jin Dynasty, that is, due to social unrest and long-term division, the rulers persecuted some literati politically, which made the literati have to drown their sorrows with wine, or avoid disasters with wine, and vent their dissatisfaction with current politics with drunken ravings. According to historical records, Wei Wendi Si Mazhao wanted to propose to his son Ruan Ji's daughter. Ruan Ji was drunk for 60 days, so that Si Mazhao didn't have a chance to speak. These things were quite representative at that time and had a great influence on later generations.
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Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou
Eight eccentrics in Yangzhou include Zheng Xie, Huang Shen, Li, Gao Xiang, Jin Nong, Shan Li and Wang Ba. It is nearly a hundred years from the rise of Kangxi in the last years to the death of Luo Pin, the youngest painter among the Eight Eccentrics in Jiaqing four years. Their paintings are numerous, widely circulated and immeasurable. According to the catalogue of Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics compiled by modern people, more than 8,000 paintings have been collected by more than 200 museums, art galleries and research units at home and abroad. As an outstanding group in the history of China painting, they are world-famous.
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics was very famous before his death. Shan Li, Li, Gao and Li Mian were summoned by emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong respectively, or tried to draw or entrusted them. In the eighth year of Qianlong, Li Hong saw the cherry bud map written by Zheng Xie, which is the oval seal of Zhu Wen, the treasure of Qianlong Royal Tour. In the 13th year of Qianlong, when Li Hongdong toured, he named Zheng Xie "History of Calligraphy and Painting". Luo Pin has traveled three times. "At that time, the corporal Wang Gongqing Yin of Xiyuan, the East Pavilion guest, and Wang Fu were at the door, afraid of being late; Meng Gong was shocked. His face was clear.
The bold and innovative style of Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics was passed down by later painters. Famous painters in modern times include,, Zhao, Wu Changshuo, Ren Bonian, Ren Weichang, Wang,, Wang Yiting, Chen Shiceng, Qi Baishi, Xu Beihong, Huang and Pan Tianshou. They are all influenced by the works of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics" in some ways. Most of them spoke highly of the works of "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics". Xu Beihong wrote an inscription for Zheng Xie's Zhu Lan: "Mr Banqiao is one of the most outstanding figures in China in the past 300 years. His thoughts are strange, his style is strange, and his calligraphy and painting are especially strange. Looking at his poems, paintings and calligraphy, I want to see Gao Zhi, but also reflect benevolence and sadness in amazement, especially rare among ancient and modern geniuses. "
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Eight friends of Zhushan, a famous modern ceramic master in Jingdezhen;
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the royal family attached great importance to the production of Jingdezhen ceramics, and concentrated the talents and material resources of the whole country to ensure the quality of Jingdezhen ceramics in the imperial kiln. Among Jingdezhen ceramics, the fine matrix, clean enamel, regular production and diverse varieties, especially exquisite glazed porcelain ware, can be said to have reached an unprecedented position in history and promoted the development of Jingdezhen ceramic art, but due to official control, it stifled the publicity and development of Jingdezhen ceramic artists' personality and became the shackles of Jingdezhen ceramic art development in China. Jingdezhen has outstanding people and talented people. With the decline of the national strength of the Qing Dynasty and the decline of the imperial kiln factory, a number of outstanding folk ceramic artists emerged, among which Eight Friends of Zhushan were the representatives with superb skills.
The oldest Xu Zhongnan was born in Cecilia Yip in the 11th year of Qing Dynasty (1872), 32 steps older than the youngest Liu Yucen (Liu Yucen was born in 1969). It can be said that Eight Friends of Zhushan have been active in Jingdezhen ceramic art circle in China for nearly a hundred years. During this period, the Chinese nation is in a turbulent era. On the basis of inheriting China's excellent Jingdezhen ceramic tradition, Zhushan Eight Friends absorbed the nutrition of folk Jingdezhen ceramic art, took Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics as a model and Shanghai artists as an example, accommodated western ceramic art styles and techniques, devoted themselves to ceramic art creation with the flavor of the times and patriotic enthusiasm, and broke through the barriers of official kilns in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was like a clear spring, making people hungry. For example, it is strange that the porcelain figures in Wang Qi use Huang Shen's freehand brushwork for reference to show their costumes and charm. Wang Dafan's floor-to-ceiling painting technique, which does not use glass white as the background color, directly paints colored materials on the porcelain tire, has influenced Jingdezhen ceramic artists so far. Deng Bishan was the first porcelain painter to paint portraits on porcelain plates. On the basis of predecessors, Wang Yeting painted landscapes on porcelain by splashing ink, which also showed the effect of using five-color ink in Chinese painting, and injected vitality into the landscape works of Jingdezhen ceramics. With profound knowledge, Liu Yucen created the technique of "water point", which had a great influence on Jingdezhen ceramic pastel art. This technology was later applied to the firing of Chairman Mao's special porcelain, which was called the contemporary official kiln.
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2005 165438+ 10/3 Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest are the collective names of seven famous people in Wei and Jin Dynasties, namely Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Xiang Embroidery, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong.
They often gather under the bamboo forest in Yang Shan (now Xiuwu, Henan) and enjoy themselves freely, so they are called the seven sages of bamboo forest in the world. Most of them advocate the knowledge of Zhuang zi and Zhuang zi, are informal in manners and laws, and are open-minded by nature. Politically, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ji Kang did not cooperate with Sima Group, and Ji Kang was killed. On the contrary, Wang Rong and Dan Tao successively took refuge in the Sima family, served as senior officials and became confidants of the regime. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are representatives in article creation. For example, Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with the Mountain Gathering Source", based on Lao Zi and Zhuangzi's devotion to nature, explained that he could not be an official, and publicly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima Jia. This article is very famous; Another example is Ruan Ji's Eighty-two Poems of "Yong Huai", which implicitly exposes the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group and satirizes the hypocritical ethical code people by means of comparison and sustenance. Therefore, through the article creation of the seven sages, we can get a glimpse of their respective aspirations and interests.
Ji kang
Ji Kang (223-262) was a famous writer, thinker and musician in the Three Kingdoms Wei period. Word uncle night. Qiao Guozhi (now southwest of Su County, Anhui Province) was born. Ji Kang is the son-in-law of the Wei imperial clan. He used to be a doctor of Zhongsan, and he was known as Jizhongsan in the world. Advocating Laozi and Zhuangzi, stressing the way of keeping in good health and eating, and writing On Keeping in Good Health. Like Ruan Ji, he is one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Wei Chunqiu: "(Ji Kang) swam in the bamboo forest with Ruan Ji, Hanoi, Henan Xiangxiu, Zixian, Langxie and Peiren Liu Lingxiang, and was called the Seven Sages." His friend Dan Tao (Ju Yuan) later took refuge in Sima's position as a senior official and suggested that he go out to be an official. He then wrote a letter "Breaking up with Shan Juyuan" and refused. He was framed by Zhong Hui and killed because he was "not thin" and dissatisfied with Sima Group, which was in power at that time.
Ji Kang believed in Laozi and Zhuangzi in political thought, rejected the Six Classics, emphasized the opposition between Confucianism and nature, and advocated breaking the shackles of etiquette and law. His philosophy is based on the materialistic view of nature and adheres to the simple materialistic epistemology. He believes that "the vitality of Taoism endows all beings with innate qualities" ("On Ming Dan") and affirms that everything is endowed with vitality. Put forward the theory that "the more famous you teach, the more natural you are". Ji Kang was smart and studious since childhood. His article is "novel in thought and often against Gu Yan" (Lu Xun's The Relationship between Wei and Jin Manners and Articles and Medicinal Liquor). Breaking up with Shan Juyuan and Learning from Nature are his representative works. Poetry is longer than four words, with a clear expression; Complaining about poetry, giving scholars to join the army, is famous far and near. The theory of sound without sorrow and music thinks that the same music can arouse different feelings, and asserts that music itself has no distinction between sorrow and music, but its purpose is to deny the educational thought of etiquette and music promoted by the rulers at that time. He is good at guqin, famous for playing Guangling San, and once wrote Fu Qin, giving a detailed and vivid description of the playing method and expressive force of guqin.
Ruan Ji
Ruan Ji (2 10 ~ 263) was a poet of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. The word heir. Chen Liuwei (now Henan) was born. He is the son of Ruan Yu, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Ruan Ji has the ambition to help the world politically. He once went to Guangwu City to see the Chu-Han battlefield and lamented that "there was no hero at that time, and Li Zi became famous!" At that time, Cao Rui and Ming Di were dead, and Cao Shuang and Sima Yi assisted Cao Fang. The two men are fighting with each other, and the political situation is very sinister. Cao Shuang once called Ruan Ji to join the army, but he resigned due to illness. Ten years ago (249), Cao Shuang was killed by Sima Yi, who was in charge of state affairs. Sima killed dissidents, and many people were implicated. Ruan Ji was politically inclined to the royal family of Cao Wei and was dissatisfied with Sima Group, but at the same time he felt that there was no reason in the world, so he adopted an attitude of not causing trouble and preserving his sanity, or studying behind closed doors, climbing mountains near the water, getting drunk, or keeping his mouth shut. But in some cases, Ruan Ji was forced by Sima's arrogance and had to perfunctory. He accepted the official position granted by Sima, served as the lieutenant of Sima and his son, and was also a captain of the cavalry and infantry, so people later called him "Ruan Infantry". He was also forced to write "Persuade Jinwen" for Si Mazhao's self-styled Gong Jin and prepare wine Xi. Therefore, Sima adopted a tolerant attitude towards him, and did not pursue all kinds of madness and etiquette violations, and finally died. Ruan Ji's works include 6 poems, 9 essays and more than 90 poems. Ruan Ji's poems represent his major literary achievements. His main works are 82 five-character poems. Ruan Ji's work "Economic History of Sui Shu" is included in 13. The original series has been lost. However, his works have not lost much. Taking poetry as an example, Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin says that he wrote more than 80 poems, all of which seem to have been handed down from generation to generation. There were many editions in Ming Dynasty, among which Zhang Pu's Ruan Infantry Collection was included in 103 collections of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. The Collection of Ruan Ji was edited and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House on 1978. People's Literature Publishing House 1957 published Ruan Infantry's Poems on Huai River with annotations.
Shan Tao
Dan Tao is the oldest of the seven sages of bamboo forest. He joined the bamboo forest celebrity because of his personal charm. Wang Rong, who is also the seven sages of the bamboo forest, commented on him: "Jade is uncut and abrasive." In other words, he gives a deep impression of quality. Gorgeous was one of the manners of celebrities at that time. Although Dan Tao has deep feelings with Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, their interests are actually different, which can be illustrated by his example of Ji Kang dying and the fact that Ji Kang broke up with him. He embarked on another road to being an official.
Dan Tao is a man of great insight. He approached power cautiously. At the critical moment of Cao Shi's power struggle with Sima's family, Dan Tao saw that the incident was just around the corner and "invisibly refused to pay world affairs". Before that, he was an official in Cao Shuang, and Cao Shuang would be defeated, so he abdicated to avoid suspicion. But when the overall situation has been set and the power situation of Sima has been formed, he came out. Dan Tao and Sima Shi are in-laws, and he went to see Sima Shi by virtue of this relationship. Knowing his intentions and ambitions, Master Sima said to him, "Does Lv Wang want to be an official and do evil?" So, after a long time, "Minister Li Weixiu was appointed as a scholar, except for Lang, Chinese and foreign, and Wang Chang, a general in title of generals in ancient times, became a doctor." He threw himself at Zhao Xiang's hand and transferred to the official department. Of course, I started as a small official. When it comes to being an official of Shangshu, my career will be smooth sailing.
Ji Kang once wrote a "Dear John", so later generations despised Dan Tao very much. Although Dan Tao is not as straightforward and eager as Ji Kang, he just doesn't violate the custom. For example, he also drinks, but there is a certain limit until eight fights, which is different from other people's binge drinking. Dan Tao lived frugally and was highly praised by time theory. Twenty years after Ji Kang was killed, he recommended Ji Kang's son Ji Shao as his secretary. He told Ji Shao, "I have missed you for a long time. There is news at four o'clock in the world, but the situation is terrible! " It can be seen that he has not forgotten his old friends for twenty years.
As for his refuge in Sima's house, it seems beyond reproach. Because the purpose of scholars' seeking knowledge is to "apply what they have learned", there must be a problem of "realizing their own value". However, they only have few pure knowledge websites. Except astronomy and calendars, almost all other technologies are the basic industries of "medical astrology" and "all-round work". Law, economy and management are also mostly the patents of small officials. Piano, chess, calligraphy and painting are just hobbies for most people, and what they can do is to study and be an official. In a society where imperial power monopolizes everything, it goes without saying that those people who have only one skill, such as chicken singing and dog stealing, are outstanding talents with the skills of the world's latitude and longitude, and rarely show their skills except "goods and emperors".
Xiang Xiu
Wei and Jin writers. One of the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest. Words are divided into periods. A native of Huai County, Hanoi (now southwest of Wuzhi, Henan). The year of birth and death is unknown. Shao. Get along well with Ji Kang and others. Xiang embroidery can't live in seclusion. After Ji Kang was killed in Jingyuan four years (263), he had to apply to Luoyang under the pressure of Sima. Later, he rode as an assistant minister and turned to Huangmen to ride as a constant waiter. Zhuangzi's Learning of Xiang Embroidery. At that time, Zhuangzi was quite popular, but the old annotation "Don't study its purpose" and Xiang embroidery "Zhuangzi Yinjie" had a great influence on explaining Hyunri, which promoted the prevalence of metaphysics. However, Xiang embroidery did not finish writing Autumn Water and Happiness. Later, on the basis of Zhuangzi Yinjie, Guo Xiang completed the annotations of Qiushui and Zhile, and then put them into play, which became the annotation of Zhuangzi seen today.
Liu Ling
Bolun was born in Guo Pei (now Su County, Anhui Province). One of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". At the end of Wei, he joined the army for Jianwei. At the beginning of Jin Wudi's reign, he called for countermeasures and emphasized inaction, so he was exempted. He opposed Sima's dark rule and hypocritical ethics. In order to avoid political persecution, he became addicted to alcohol and pretended to be crazy. Once a guest came to visit, he was naked. When the guest asked him, he said, "I take heaven and earth as my residence and my room as my clothes. Why did you get into my pants? " "His bohemian behavior shows the denial of Ming etiquette. Jiu de has only one ode.
Ruan Xian
Ruan Xian, whose real name is Zhong Rong, is one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Ruan Ji's nephew and an uncle are all called "Ruan Daxiao". He rode an assistant minister through the official calendar to supplement the magistrate. Dan Tao thinks that he is "chaste without desire, deeply aware of the troubled times, and everything is immobile. It is inappropriate to be an official "(see Biography of the Book of Jin), but Emperor Wu of Jin thought that he was too drunk to use it.
Like Ruan Ji, he let go of his birthday and was wild and uninhibited. He had a close relationship with his aunt's Xianbei handmaid in private. When her mother died, she should have returned to China, but Ruan Xian asked to leave her, which was ethically unacceptable at that time. Later, when the handmaid left, Ruan Xian borrowed a donkey to ride behind her, and finally got her back, and gave birth to a son named Ruan Fu, who was laughed at by the world. He doesn't make friends casually, but only makes friends with relatives and friends and drinks songs. Once, his relatives and friends were drinking together, and he also came to participate. He didn't drink from a glass, but from a big bowl and got drunk. At that time, a large group of pigs came to drink, and Ruan Xian also drank with them. He is really happy to play the piano while drinking. So "drinking with tapirs" became a joke.
Ruan Xianmiao became a famous musician at that time because of his understanding of temperament and playing pipa. In ancient times, there was a pipa called Ruan Xian. He once discussed temperament with Xun Xu, who thought he was far less than Ruan Xian and was extremely jealous. As a result, Ruan Xian was demoted to the northern magistrate. Ruan Xian's book "Law Discussion" has been handed down from generation to generation. See the note of Shi Shuo Xin Yu Yu Shujie.
Wang Rong
Wang Rong (234-305) was born in Linyi (now Shandong). Minister of the Western Jin Dynasty, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Young and enlightened, bright and beautiful. Good at talking and traveling with Ruan Ji and Ji Kang. For a bamboo forest, and after tasting it, I said, "It's disappointing that vulgar things are back." He is the most vulgar of the seven sages. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, he successively served as Huang Menlang, Chang Shi, Hedong Taishou, Jingzhou Secretariat, and entered Anfeng County. Later, he moved to Guangluxun and Shangshu in the official department. Hui Di, an official of Stuart. I am obsessed with fame and fortune and have nothing to say about it. Sex is extremely greedy and stingy, and the countryside is all over the States, without accumulation. Every time I gnash my teeth and count day and night, if it is insufficient. The Rong family has good plums and often sells them, but they are afraid of others' planting and often sell them, so they are ridiculed by the world.
The Seven Scholars of Jian 'an refer to seven writers during the reign of Xian Di in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao Pi commented in Dian Lun Paper: "Today's literati include Confucius of Lu, Chen Zhang of Guangling, Wang Shen of Wang, Xu Gan of Beihai, De Lian of Ru 'nan and Serina Liu of Dongping. Seven sons. There is nothing left to learn, nothing left to say, and salt is arrogant and arrogant. "
"Seven Scholars in Jian 'an" and "Three Caos" constitute the main force of Jian 'an writers and contribute to the development of poetry, prose and prose.
Kong Rong
Lin.Chen
RoyceWong
-{Xu Gan}-
Ruan Yu
Yang Ying; Angelababy
Serina Liu
The seven people, except Kong Rong, the other six people are attached to Cao Cao and his son.
Eight eccentrics in Yangzhou, not specifically eight people, are probably sixteen or seventeen people. In fact, they generally refer to a group of painters with distinctive personalities and strange styles who represented Yangzhou painting circle in Qing Dynasty. They are already professional literati painters or literate professional painters. Their general characteristics are: naturalness, individuality, freehand brushwork, spirit likeness, morality and self-cultivation. So it is called strange because they are eccentric, eccentric and strange when painting, and most of them are strong-willed, aloof and arrogant, and their behavior is wild, so they are called "eight eccentrics".
There are different opinions about which painters Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics include. There are 15 painters who have always been listed as the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, including Hua Yan, Gao, Li Dan, Wang, Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Gao Xiang, Zheng Xie, Li, Bian Shoumin, Chen Zhuan, Min Zhen, Li Wei and Yang Fa.
Jinnong (1687- 1764) was originally named Sinong, whose real name was Shoumen, whose real name was Jinji, whose real name was Dongxin, a native of Hangzhou, and was called the head of the Eight Monsters. He is well read and versatile. He began to paint after the age of 50 and was poor all his life. He is good at identifying antiquities and has collected many stone inscriptions. He is good at flowers and birds, landscapes and figures, especially at ink painting and plum blossom. His works include Mu Meitu, Hua Guo Shu and Moon Flower Map. He created a kind of official script, calling himself "lacquer script", which has another interest.
Huang Shen (1687—— about 1768) was born in Ninghua, Fujian. When I was a child, my family was poor and I benefited a lot from learning Huai Su's calligraphy. He painted in cursive, created his own style, was good at freehand brushwork, and had the highest attainments in figure painting. Most of the works are based on immortal Buddhism and Taoism, and there are also many works that reflect the life of the lower classes. His works include Drunk Monk, Su Wu Shepherd, Fisherman and Wife, etc.
Li Dan (1686- 1762), whose real name is CheungYueng, is from Xinghua, Jiangsu. He loved painting since childhood and became famous at the age of 16. He used to be the magistrate of Tengzhou, Shandong Province. Influenced by Xu Wei and Shi Tao, his painting style is extensive, eclectic, dripping with ink, and elegant in color. "Ink and wash blend into fun." His works include "Okra Map" and "Jade Map of Pine and cypress".
Li (1695- 1755) is a native of Nantong, Jiangsu. And Jin Nong, Zheng Xie's friendship is very good. He is good at drawing pine, bamboo, plum and orchid. In his later years, he painted plums as a metaphor. He wrote in an inscription poem: "This plum blossom is so general that there is no pen to read. Painters don't understand customs at any time, and they are angry with each other. His works include Fish Tour Map and Xiaoxiang Wind Bamboo Map.
Gao Xiang (1688- 1753) is a native of Yangzhou and Xitang. Gaoxiang lived a hard life and was aloof. He admired Shi Tao all his life. He is good at painting landscapes, flowers and birds, and likes to paint plum blossoms with sparse branches. His works include "Finger-flick Pavilion".
Wang (1685- 1759), a native of Xiuning, Anhui. My family was poor when I was a child. I live in Yangzhou and sell paintings for a living. I am poor and happy, studying art and good at painting plums. Together with Jin Nong and Gao Xiang, he is also known as the "Four Great Painters of Plum Blossoms", and his works include The Picture of Mei Mei.
Luo Pin (1733- 1799), whose real name is Xunfu, whose real name is Shuangfeng, whose real name is Yi Yun, a monk of Huasi, was printed by Niu Shan, and was good at painting landscapes, figures, Buddha statues, fruits and vegetables, especially plum blossoms and pine bamboo. He is a disciple of Jin Nong, and his representative works include nirvana in fire, Landscape Flower Book and so on. Among the "Eight Eccentrics", the youngest generation, however, has a high level of knowledge and has put pen to paper. He has been an official all his life, selling paintings for a living and being down and out all his life. His works include Ghost Fun Map and Drunk Zhong Kui Map.
Zheng Banqiao, namely Zheng Xie (1693 ~1765), was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu. There was an episode of Zheng Banqiao. He is open-minded, poor and studious, endowed with broad-mindedness and informality. I like Tibetans and have a crazy name. He has three unique skills of poetry, calligraphy and painting, among which there are three truths: true spirit, true square and true interest. His calligraphy is related to reason, model and line, unique, mellow and ancient, calling himself "six and a half books". Special agent Zhu Lan, writing at will, full of fun. Zheng Xie is the most respected painter among the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou.
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics is the general name of a group of painters and calligraphers with similar styles who lived in Yangzhou in the middle of Qing Dynasty by China. They are also called Yangzhou School of Painting. There are eight "Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics". They are Li, Li (single fish), Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Zheng Xie, Gao Xiang and Wang. Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics are mostly middle and lower intellectuals. Some of them are dismissed state and county officials, some are scribes who have not achieved fame, and some are poor painters who make a living by painting. They either grew up in Yangzhou or came here to live for other provinces, and each had a bumpy experience. They have gathered in Yangzhou to sell their paintings and calligraphy works in Yangzhou's prosperous painting and calligraphy market.
Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics are a group of intellectuals with a sense of justice. They all know the corruption of officialdom and the extortion of wealthy businessmen. Facing the difference between the rich and the poor in real life, combined with their own experiences, they have a strong dissatisfaction with society. They often show deep sympathy for the suffering people and make angry voices on their behalf. However, because they were educated by feudal culture, and the Qing Dynasty was in its heyday, their feelings and dissatisfaction could not break through the barriers of feudal thought. Among them, officials worked hard to build a number to let the people live and work in peace and contentment in order to maintain feudal order. If you have no intention of officialdom, you will lead an honest and clean life, which is not customary and flaunts that you have lofty ideals. And they can't get rid of the economic dependence on landlords, officials and businessmen, so they are often in extreme pain of ideological contradictions and have to compromise to survive outside cynicism. Zheng Xie, the representative of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, left many comments, which can be described as a thinker among the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou. Li (Jia Dan beside the fish) expressed the most painful and intense contradiction in his works and became the main target of attack.
The most prominent artistic view of Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics is to attach importance to individual expression. They advocate original style and "independence". They openly declared that their works were for selling money to make a living, tearing the veil that literati and painters once regarded painting creation as "elegant things". On the theme of their works, on the one hand, they inherited the tradition of literati painting, taking plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, pine and stone as the main description objects to show the lofty, aloof and vulgar painters. On the other hand, they also use symbolism, metaphor and metaphor to write poems, which endows their works with profound social content and unique ideological expression. For example, Li's "Wind Bamboo Map" symbolizes stubborn and unyielding character with strong bamboo that is not afraid of strong winds; Huang Shen's "Seeking a Picture" and Luo Pin's "Selling Cattle Songs" show their careful observation of the real society, which directly or indirectly shows social injustice. In terms of painting style, Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics mainly inherited the freehand brushwork techniques in previous paintings, and further developed their expertise in ink painting, shaping objects in a highly concise way, not sticking to the shape of branches and leaves. In pen and ink, they are unconstrained and unconstrained, galloping freely and expressing their feelings directly. Because their works are contrary to the subtle and elegant style of flower-and-bird painting popular at that time, they are often severely criticized by critics and called "strange".
Although the art of Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou was only popular in Yangzhou and its surrounding areas at that time, it had a far-reaching influence on inheriting and developing the traditional ink and wash freehand brushwork in China.