Introduction: Writing educational papers is not only a concrete demonstration of teachers' teaching and scientific research ability, but also a continuous improvement of teaching and scientific research ability. The following is the general process and main points of writing educational papers for everyone, hoping to help you.
Teaching thesis writing is not only one of the necessary professional skills for teachers, but also an important form of summarizing, publishing and exchanging educational and teaching research results, and an effective starting point for promoting teachers' learning and research. Starting from meeting the needs of front-line teachers' education and teaching research, this paper briefly describes the general process and key points of writing education and teaching papers.
First, draw up the title of the thesis.
1. The role of the topic of the paper
What's the theme? Forehead? ; Eyes? Eyes? Yes The topic is like the human eye on a paper [1]. A pair of deep and charming eyes can project the light of inner thoughts and wisdom. The main functions of the thesis topics are as follows: ① Stimulate reading interest. In the fast-paced information age, fast food? Learning is more common, and people's reading is often the first? Headline browsing? Then I will savor the content of the paper under the topic of interest. Novel, unique, poetic and philosophical topics can attract readers' attention and stimulate readers' interest in reading, which will obviously improve the communication effect of the paper. But if the topic is too poetic, it is necessary to attach a subtitle to point out the theme of the study, because the paper is not a poem after all. (2) Reveal the theme. Readers will understand the author's core ideas through the topic of the paper, which will play a role in pointing out the theme. ③ Delineate the research scope. The topics of other papers directly reflect the research object, content and direction, thus providing readers with direct and clear thematic information. (4) Clear research questions. Some paper topics directly throw out research topics and questions, so as to attract readers' attention and inspire readers to think about related issues.
2. Requirements for the title of the paper
The first is appropriateness. The topic should be suitable for the content of the paper, express the central idea or core problem of the paper, and avoid giving it to others? The article digress? In my mind. Appropriateness is mainly reflected in two aspects: the correspondence of titles and the matching of sizes. The former requires proper text meaning, while the latter requires proper size.
The second is refining. Here? Refining? There are two meanings: as an adjective, it means that the topic should be concise; As a verb, it refers to the process of removing impurities and getting the essence when determining the topic. Of course, these two aspects are causal. It is precisely because of the process of removing impurities and extracting essence that the topic of the paper will achieve a concise and lively effect.
Moreover, it is novel. The topic is novel and distinct, which is reflected in the innovation of form, ingenious conception and strange expression. As far as its external form is concerned, the topic should have a strong visual impact; As far as its internal content is concerned, the topic selection of the paper can play a role in opening up ideas and triggering associations, bringing readers into a unique perspective and appreciating new ones. Scenery? , quite? Look over the ridge to a mountain peak? Artistic conception Novel paper topics can not only attract attention and fascinate people, but also avoid similarities and facilitate retrieval.
3. The form of the topic of the paper
The topics of educational and teaching research papers can be described in various forms, both conventional and traditional, such as On and Research on. There are also novel and unique ones, such as numbers, buzzwords and poems. Therefore, it is really difficult to give a very clear logical relationship division to the topic form of the paper. The general forms of thesis topics are: ① types of topics. The title of this kind of thesis is the project name, and some of the thesis titles are drawn up with reference to the sentence pattern of the project name. The title of this kind of paper has a relatively fixed procedure, which generally includes the research object, research method, research scope and other elements, and often appears in the format of "a study in China". (2) ask questions. The title of this kind of paper itself is a question, and of course this question is the core issue discussed in this paper. The title and text of the paper constitute a relatively complete answer to the question, that is, the title raises the question and the text is the answer to the question. The questions of interrogative sentences are eye-catching and can stimulate readers' own thinking. Using rhetorical questions to ask questions that readers care about but don't know well is easy to cause suspense and attract people. ③ continuation formula. Take the topic of the previously published paper as the topic, conduct follow-up thinking and discussion, and elaborate supplementary views or different views or even opposite views. The topics of papers written in this way are often "talk about it", "talk about it again" and "use it?" Review and other format formulation. The titles of such papers can arouse readers' continuous attention to the same topic, arouse readers' participation and interaction, guide the discussion of the same topic to a deeper level, and enliven the academic atmosphere, which is quite popular among editors and readers. 4 paradox. The topic of this kind of paper is to process and transform very common sayings or famous sayings to form a seemingly absurd or contradictory but very novel or profound meaning. The topic thus drawn up is called paradox. This kind of paper topic can stimulate readers' interest in reading and in-depth exploration, and play a role in arousing doubts, thus producing a reading experience from sudden doubts to relief. ⑤ Reference. This is a form of directly drawing up the topic of your thesis by borrowing proverbs, famous sayings or other people's poems. This form of paper title is characterized by its intimacy. With the influence of widely circulated sentences, it stimulates readers' desire to read, and it is easier to generate leap-forward thinking and association. 6 topic style. " By thinking "," "Opening", "Discussion" and "Thinking" are the common formats of topical papers. Most of these papers start with an event, a phenomenon or a thing in the topic, but they are not limited to this topic. This topic is equivalent to an introduction in the paper, and then they analyze and discuss it by analogy. This kind of topic is characterized by striking, seeing the big from the small and seeing the extraordinary from the ordinary. ⑦ Keyword type. The title of a kind of paper is composed of several keywords extracted from the main content of the paper. These keywords are separated by dots, pauses or spaces, and are also passed. And then what? 、? With what? Equal connectives connect several key words. Three keywords are the most common keywords in the title of a paper, which generally represent several main aspects discussed in the paper. These aspects are directly or indirectly related, some are causal, some are progressive, some are parallel, some are conceptual relationships or confusing concept groups. The title of this kind of paper is characterized by conciseness, symmetry, neatness, elegance, clear theme and prominent center. 8 Double-headed type. The theme of some papers is composed of a main title and a subtitle. The main subtitle is usually typeset by lines, and there are numbers in front of the subtitle.
Second, index keywords
Keywords are the document retrieval marks of academic papers, and they are natural language vocabulary to express the theme concept of papers. Key words must be content words, which are used to summarize one or more fields involved in the paper. Basic principles of keyword indexing: ① specificity principle, one word can only express one theme concept. (2) Collocation principle, the collocation of narrative phrases should be conceptual collocation. Conceptual collocation includes two types: cross collocation and body collocation. Cross collocation refers to the combination of two or more predicates with conceptual cross relations, which is used to express a specific concept. For example,? Kidney calculi? Available? Kidney disease? And then what? Stone? These two words represent a specific concept. Aspect collocation refers to combining a narrative that represents something with another narrative that represents something's attributes or a certain aspect to express a specific concept. When indexing, cross matching is given priority, and then aspect matching is considered. The narrative words used in collocation must be the words most closely related to the concept of literary theme, so as to avoid overstepping collocation; The concepts expressed by the combined keywords must be clear and accurate, and only a single concept can be expressed. When indexing keywords, we should avoid the following problems: choose articles, conjunctions, auxiliary words, verbs, adverbs, adjectives and nouns that have no retrieval meaning as keywords, such as? Technology? 、? Observation? 、? Experiment? ; Individual authors even use a long list of words as keywords; In order to emphasize the comprehensiveness of the theme, write the key words into a complete phrase; Keywords are too broad to accurately reflect the theme of the paper; There is no reference to index keywords such as Chinese Thesaurus, especially there are too many free words.
Third, the preparation of the thesis outline
Preparing an outline of a paper is not only to make a specific writing plan for writing a paper, but also to design a specific organizational structure for the paper. Therefore, preparing the outline of a thesis is the core work of layout when writing a thesis.
1. The role of writing an outline of a paper
Thesis outline refers to the logical chart used by the author to guide the writing of the thesis after careful conception, which is usually presented in the form of text and consists of serial numbers and corresponding concise sentences. Writing an outline of a thesis is an important basic work in writing a thesis, just like building a building and casting complex machine parts. First, you need to conceive, design and draw drawings. Thesis writing is a scientific and rigorous work, which requires a lot of careful planning and preparation. Overall planning, framework construction, key establishment and level establishment all need to be completed by writing an outline of the thesis. Therefore, to sum up, the significance and function of writing an outline of a paper at least include: clarifying the overall structure of the paper, guiding the effective organization of materials, distinguishing the key points and difficulties of writing, and clarifying the logical context of the paper, leaving room for local revision.
2. Common paper contour types
Thesis outline can be divided into simple outline and detailed outline according to its own details. Simple outline is characterized by few words and high generalization. Generally, the titles and sizes of each part of the paper are simply listed, and it is not clear how to expand each part. A detailed outline needs to carefully consider the chapter structure, connection, main points, main materials and other elements of the paper, not only the title of the paper, the titles of various parts and levels, but also the main points, main arguments and discussion angles of each paragraph under each title.
From the concrete analysis of paper frame structure, paper outline can also be subdivided into parallel outline, progressive outline, divided outline and other types. (1) parallel contour. In the paper structure of parallel outline design, the relationships at all levels are parallel and juxtaposed, and there is no primary and secondary relationship, causal relationship and subordinate relationship, and the same elements are often discussed around the theme of the paper. ② Progressive outline. The paper structure of progressive outline design reflects the context of the paper, which is based on the theme of the paper, step by step, from the surface to the inside, from the shallow to the deep. All parts of the paper are progressive step by step from front to back, deeper and deeper step by step. ③ Switch profile. Due to the complexity of the theme of the paper, the outlines of most papers are not simply parallel or progressive, but have structural forms such as integration, synthesis, separation and integration, integration and separation. The general argument of the paper is sometimes reflected and expounded in the sub-arguments at all levels, sometimes summarized on the basis of the sub-arguments at all levels, sometimes some parts show several aspects of parallel relationship and some parts show progressive relationship, and so on.
3. Requirements for writing the thesis outline
The first is the overall situation. When drafting the outline of a paper, the author should first focus on the overall situation. The key to the layout of the paper lies in the overall layout of the whole paper, such as what is the main argument, what is the sub-argument, what is the logical relationship of each part, and what is the role and position of each part in the full text. After such a full-text layout, at least the overall framework of the paper can be clear, rigorous, smooth and organized.
The second is around the center. Don't discuss too many topics in a paper, because too many topics make the layout of the full text difficult to conceive, difficult to analyze thoroughly in a limited space, and easy to make people lose focus. After the central argument is established, we can decide the choice of materials and present and use relevant materials reasonably from the central argument. The highest principle of material selection is to focus on the center and serve the center. The presentation sequence of materials also needs to be carefully conceived, such as the arrangement of important materials, the infiltration of secondary materials, the compensation of spare materials, and the clear and organic arrangement of these materials.
The third is to be logical. The logical order of the thesis mainly includes six kinds: from cause to result, from main to secondary, from whole to part, from generalization to concreteness, from phenomenon to essence, from concreteness to generalization, etc. Therefore, when drafting the outline of the paper, we can use it as a basis to sort out the context of the paper and sort out the materials of the paper.
The fourth is to be detailed and appropriate. The text structure of a thesis generally consists of three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion should be brief in the outline and should not be used as detailed discussion parts. This part is the main body of the paper and the focus of the whole paper. It should be the part where the author needs to spend the most time, concentrate on pen and ink, and try to penetrate into the back of the paper. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully consider and prepare the outline. The conception of this part should follow two basic principles: the inevitability of causality, the close causality between arguments; The profundity of reasoning and analysis should be deepened from the outside to the inside, and the problem should be thoroughly explained. It is forbidden to scratch the surface and the boots. At the same time, the length of the paper also needs to be roughly arranged. If it is to be published in a professional journal, it is necessary to make a good plan and limit the length of the paper.
4. The writing method of the thesis outline
There are generally two ways to write the outline of a paper: one is to write the titles of all levels of the paper in order. The other is to use notation, that is, after the titles at all levels of the paper are written in order, marginal notes are added after the titles at all levels to annotate the ideas of each part, such as what materials are used and from what angle.
The steps of writing an outline of a paper generally include: ① considering the topic of the paper. The title can be subdivided into main title, subtitle and subtitle. In addition to the main title of the paper, sometimes a subtitle can be added to further point out the research object, research content and research purpose of the paper, or to supplement and explain the main title. ② Design paragraph arrangement. Judging from the structure of the whole paper, the author needs to design and conceive the introduction, theory and conclusion more specifically. In the introduction, how to introduce the research background, present situation, significance and value, and how to introduce the text; What are the main points in the conclusion and how to list them in order; Orthodoxy is the main body of the paper, so we should list our own views and corresponding arguments around the subheadings of each part, and indicate the main materials cited and the main angles of discussion. At the same time, the main paragraphs should be roughly designed, including ideas, materials and words. ③ Review and revise the outline. After the outline of the document is initially drawn up, it needs further scrutiny and revision. First of all, the title is scrutinized to see whether it is appropriate, concise and vivid, unnecessary words are deleted, inaccurate and not vivid words are replaced, and some rhetorical devices are used to make the title more lively and lasting appeal. The second is to sort out the context of the whole paper to see whether the context has a logical order, whether there is a conceptual relationship between the upper and lower levels, whether the transition between paragraphs is close and natural, and if necessary, it is necessary to adjust the order of paragraphs or even some hierarchical relationships. Third, we should check the argument materials and discussion angles of each part to see whether there is a causal relationship between the argument materials and the discussion points, whether the discussion angle is appropriate, whether there is a better angle or add some angles to discuss.
Fourth, write the text of the paper.
The text of the paper is the main body of the education and teaching research paper, and its content and structure will be different due to the different genres of the paper. From the analysis of the content of the paper, factual basis, discussion by others and self-discussion are generally the focus of the text. Structurally, the text generally includes three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion.
1. Introduction to Writing
The beginning of the text of a paper is usually an introduction, also known as? Foreword? 、? Introduction? 、 ? Introduction? The introduction mainly introduces the research background and purpose, methods and significance, history and present situation, progress and trend. When writing an introduction, we should follow the following basic principles: cut to the chase, directly cut into the subject, ask questions, don't be too transitional, and pave the way; The wording is precise, concise and to the point, the content selection should not be too detailed and trivial, and the length should not be too long; It should not be similar to the content summary, nor should it be a comment of the content summary. The introduction part can be clearly marked with subheadings in the paper, such as? The problem is. 、? Background and purpose of the research? 、? Introduction? Wait, you can also do without subtitle. For a short passage, sometimes the first paragraph at the beginning of the text plays the role of an introduction, and there is no obvious mark in form.
Step 2 write this theory
This theory is the most important part of the paper, occupying the largest length of the paper. In orthodoxy, the writer should not only put forward his own arguments, but also enumerate detailed theoretical and practical arguments, and prove or refute the viewpoints put forward in the introduction through his own detailed discussion, so as to achieve the writing purpose of confirming or falsifying. This paper fully embodies the richness and creativity of the research results, so when writing this paper, the content should be detailed, the arguments should be fully reliable and the arguments should be rigorous and profound. Therefore, this theory is generally divided into several parts, each part has a clear logical relationship, and each part has a clear hierarchy and a clear context. This part consists of several logical paragraphs, and each logical paragraph contains several natural paragraphs. In general, each logical paragraph will be preceded by a subtitle. Readers can understand the logical relationship between logical paragraphs by browsing the subtitles of logical paragraphs, so as to master the overall structure of the paper.
Different genres of educational and teaching research papers will have obvious differences in the division of logical paragraphs. Taking scientific research papers and scientific experimental papers with high normative requirements as examples, this paper briefly explains the division of some logical paragraphs and the basic requirements for writing.
The first paragraph of logic: materials and principles. First of all, we should introduce the materials and preparations needed for the research, such as instruments, drugs and materials used in the experiment, including specific information such as models, specifications, technical parameters, quantities and sources of materials and instruments. When introducing the experimental principle, we should generally explain the characteristics of materials and instruments, such as the physical and chemical properties of drugs and the scientific principles of the experimental process. When introducing experimental materials and instruments, technical terms should be used, and common names and commodity names should not be used.
The second logical paragraph: methods and steps. This part mainly introduces the main implementation process of the research itself, such as the sequential operation steps and specific methods of the experiment, as well as the matters needing special attention in the implementation process. The sampling objects and methods of investigation and study, as well as the research methods and steps of using the scale. Writing? Methods and steps? At the same time, it is necessary to introduce the main experimental process and methods, especially the details that easily lead to experimental failure. Running account? . Some complex experimental devices or operations can be distributed with physical photos or schematic diagrams.
The third logical paragraph: results and analysis. ? Results and analysis? It is the key part of the paper, because all the conclusions of the paper are drawn from it, all the arguments are triggered from it, and all the reasoning is derived from it. In this part, we should effectively screen and sort out the experimental phenomena observed in the research process and the experimental data collected, and then analyze, compare and reason according to the experimental results to carry out logical argumentation. Writing? Results and analysis? Attention should be paid to the following matters: the original experimental phenomena and data recorded in the experiment process are not simply presented and listed, but all experimental information is processed and discarded to express the necessary experimental results scientifically and accurately; In order to make the presented experimental results more organized and intuitive, and to avoid reading comprehension difficulties caused by too many text descriptions, we should express them in the form of charts as much as possible, and then make simple text descriptions; Attention should be paid to the analysis and discussion of experimental errors and exceptions to enhance the scientific and reliable research. In the analysis and discussion, we should try our best to explain the internal relationship between experimental results and experimental principles, have a scientific basis for the analysis of experimental errors, extend the discussion of exceptions as far as possible, and clarify the unsolved problems and possible solutions. Anyway? Results and analysis? Is it for the newspaper? Heart? , is the source of innovation and vitality of the paper, so it is the key part of the paper, and of course it is the most difficult place to write the paper.
Write down the conclusion
The conclusion part of the paper should reflect the academic viewpoints obtained through research work and theoretical analysis, and should be the staged and final reasoning judgment of the paper on related research work, especially the summary response to the original viewpoints and assumptions of the paper. The conclusion is not the conclusion of a certain paragraph, a certain problem or a certain level, nor is it a simple repetition of the views and research in this paper. The conclusion should reflect the author's profound understanding and the final solution to the problem at this stage. It is an academic general opinion based on all the materials in the whole article and obtained through logical thinking processes such as analysis, reasoning, judgment and induction. So the conclusion should be accurate, clear, concise and complete, the words and sentences should be concise, and the sentences should be rigorous and clear. The content of the conclusion part should generally include: the main achievements of the research, the main viewpoints obtained, the important revision and development of other people's research, the problems to be solved and the possible direction of the research.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) marks reference.
Reference is the foundation of academic papers and an indispensable part of academic papers. Marking references is not only a kind of respect for other people's research results, but also reflects the starting point of their own research work. At present, the importance of references has been paid more and more attention by academic circles. First, references can reflect the basis and present situation of relevant academic research, and directly and comprehensively reflect the research methods and achievements of predecessors; Secondly, reference is the starting point and foundation of the author's related research work, and it is also the key argument and foundation of the paper; Third, it is convenient for others to find the original source and trace back to the source in the process of learning and learning from the research results, so as to directly re-examine and re-prove.
The elements of references refer to the necessary part for readers to trace back accurately, and also the part that must appear in the references of all academic publications. Throughout the mainstream academic journals at home and abroad, the styles of references vary from journal to journal. For example, the internationally renowned journal Nature is arranged according to the order in which the references appear in the papers, and some academic journals are arranged according to the authors and years of the references. Some journals, such as Science, also mark references with annotations. No matter how the style of reference changes, it contains some basic elements, which are briefly summarized as follows: author, year, publication name, volume number and initial page number of the paper; Author, year, name of editor-in-chief, name of anthology, publishing house and place of publication; Author, year, name, publishing house and place of publication; Author, year, title of thesis, name of academic institution to which the degree belongs; Patent author, year, patent number and the country where the patent was obtained; Author, website, publication time of online papers, etc. Because different publications have different requirements for labeling references, you should carefully read the specific requirements of the corresponding publications when publishing your papers.
There are many ways to mark references, among which three are commonly used: brackets, footnotes and endnotes.
Expansion: A Common Topic in Educational Papers
On the inevitability of developing education industry and its policy orientation
Research on the Quality View of Education Management
Problems and Countermeasures of Education Investment in China
The change and development of the concept of educational technology —— An analysis of the philosophical basis of educational technology
Research on cost accounting and benefit evaluation of teaching and scientific research in colleges and universities
Analysis on the present situation and countermeasures of compulsory education investment in China
On education rent-seeking
On the Uncertainty of the Relationship between Education and Personal Employment
Sociological analysis of the concept of positive and negative functions of education
Practical philosophy: the choice in educational confusion
Non-standard evaluation
Cultural Habitat in Educational Ecological Environment
Research on adaptive interference suppression of new teaching technology
Research on the Economic Benefit and Personal Rate of Return of Higher Education in China (Ph.D.)
Research on Capital Operation of Higher Education (Doctor)
Research on the particularity of higher education industry (PhD)
Survival outside the office: meeting in the school field (doctor)
Research on the Management of Teaching Electronic Information Resources
On the Evaluation of Educational Ethics
Discussion on the combination of quantitative research and qualitative research in educational research
Information technology and the reform of primary and secondary education
Research on the curriculum goal and teaching design of information technology in primary schools
Cultivation of Normal University Students' Ability of Integrating Information Technology with Curriculum in Collaborative Learning Environment
Cai Yuanpei? Compatible and inclusive? Philosophical basis of his school-running thought
The west? Harmonious development? Historical evolution of educational thought and its enlightenment to quality education in China
He Siyuan's Educational Thought and Practice
Cliff. Review of Baker's Value Education Theory
On the scientific view and humanistic view in Ye Shengtao's educational theory.
;