An introduction to the history of the development of table tennis

Table tennis is a world-popular ball sport that originated in the United Kingdom but is China’s national sport. Below I will introduce to you relevant information about the development history of table tennis. I hope it will be helpful to you.

On the development history of table tennis

Origin

In 1890, several British naval officers stationed in India accidentally discovered that they were playing on a small table. Tennis is quite exciting. Later, they used small hollow leather balls instead of solid balls with little elasticity, and used wooden boards instead of tennis rackets to play this novel "tennis game" on the table. This is where the name Table Tennis comes from.

Not long after Table Tennis appeared, it became a popular sport. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States began to produce sets of table tennis competition equipment. It is the number one racquet sport in the United States, with more than 200,000 Americans playing table tennis. Initially, Table tennis had other names, such as Indoor tennis. Later, an American manufacturer created the new word Ping-pang based on the sound made by the impact of the ping-pong ball, as a patented registered trademark of the "table tennis ball" he manufactured. Ping-pang later became another official name of Table tennis. When it spread to China, people coined the new word "table tennis".

In Japanese, table tennis is called "snooker". Many words used in table tennis are derived from tennis. The ball used to play table tennis is called Ping-pong ball or Table-tennis ball, the table tennis table is called Ping-pong table, the table is called Court, the net in the middle is called Net, the frame supporting the net is called Net support, and the table tennis racket is called Ping- pong bat.

Table tennis singles competitions usually adopt the best-of-three or best-of-five sets (each set is 21 points). In 2001, it was changed to the best-of-seven or best-of-five sets (each set is 21 points). 11 points), the so-called "game" in English is Set. The serve is called Serve.

Table tennis originated in the United Kingdom. Europeans still call table tennis "table tennis". It can be seen that table tennis is developed from tennis. At the end of the 19th century, tennis was popular in Europe. However, due to restrictions on venues and weather, some British college students moved tennis indoors, using the dining table as a table, books as nets, parchment as rackets, and playing on the dining table. .

At the beginning of the 20th century, table tennis flourished in Europe and Asia. In 1926, the International Table Tennis Invitational Tournament was held in Berlin, Germany, which was later recognized as the first World Table Tennis Championships. At the same time, the International Table Tennis Federation was established.

The widespread development of table tennis has led to great improvements in rackets and balls. The original racket was a slightly processed wooden board. Later, someone put a layer of sheepskin on the racket. With the development of modern industry, Europeans attached rubber with rubber particles to the racket. In the early 1950s, the Japanese invented a racket with thick sponge. The original ball was a rubber ball similar to tennis. In 1890, British player Gibb brought back some celluloid balls as toys from the United States for table tennis.

In various table tennis games. The most prestigious is the World Table Tennis Championships, which was held annually at first and then every two years after 1957.

Change

In 1927, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was formally established and decided to hold the first World Table Tennis Championships. The development of table tennis has gone through approximately three stages. In the early days, although the rackets used by athletes had different shapes, they were all made of wood. The ball bounced out slowly and with little power, and had no rotation skills. The method of playing was also very simple, which was to push the ball back and forth between the two. .

In 1936, the 10th World Table Tennis Championships was held in Prague, Hungary. An amazing situation occurred in the competition. The men's team championship match was held in Romania and Austria. The match starts at 21:00 on Sunday.

The clinker and clinker sides sent three chippers. Since the playing styles were the same, the level of both sides was close, and they both used mushroom tactics. They were unwilling to easily challenge and tried to win from the opponent's mistakes. At three o'clock in the game, it was still 2:2. Local regulations stipulated that public places must close at 3 o'clock, which prompted police intervention. In the end, it took 31 hours for Austria to win 5:4.

In 1903, the Englishman Goode invented the rubber racket, which effectively promoted the development of table tennis technology. From 1926 to 1951, players from all over the world mostly used rubber rackets with cylindrical particles on the surface. When hitting the ball, the elasticity and friction are increased, which can cause the ball to rotate to a certain extent, so the defensive style of cutting backspin has emerged. This style of play has been popular in Europe for a long time, and many athletes have won world championships using this style of play. The advantages of table tennis during this period were in Europe, among which the Hungarian team had the most outstanding results. Among the 117 world championships, they won 57, accounting for half of the European teams. But this kind of racket can only produce backspin. Everyone is like this, grinding and grinding, even if they win the championship, it is meaningless.

In the early 1950s, the Austrians invented the sponge racket, and Japanese sportsmanship was used in world competitions, and they won four championships in the 19th World Championships, breaking the monopoly of European athletes. status. Because Japanese athletes use this racket to create a long-draw offensive style of play from the far table, which has the advantages of strong forehand attack power, fast speed, and a great threat of serve attack, European players with slow speed, weak spin, and weak attack power The defensive style of play was gradually replaced, allowing Japan to seize the advantage of table tennis in the 1950s. From 1952 to 1959, among the 49 world championships, the Japanese team won 24, accounting for 47%. This is the first major improvement in the level of table tennis.

After Rong Guotuan won the men’s singles championship at the 25th World Table Tennis Championships in 1959, Chinese athletes began to enter the international table tennis scene. Gradually formed a pen-hold fast attack style with fast, accurate, ruthless and changeable technical style. In the 26th World Championships in 1961, the Chinese team not only passed the European level, but also defeated the Japanese players who used the long draw and secret weapon loop ball from far away, and won the men's team world championship for the first time. And won the 27th and 28th men's team championship consecutively. The advantages of China's close-to-the-table fast attack are its close stance, fast speed, flexible movements, and ease of use of forehand and backhand. It is a big step forward compared to Japan's long-to-the-table long-stroke style. In the 1960s, China's table tennis technical level was at the forefront of the world, and the advantage of table tennis shifted from Japan to China. This is the second major improvement in the level of table tennis.

While table tennis was developing in Japan and China, European athletes learned lessons from their failures. After nearly two decades of hard work, they finally adopted the combination of Japanese loop ball technology and China's near-table fast break style. Long, create an advanced style of play suitable for them, that is, a style of play based on loop balls combined with fast breaks. Representative figures are Hungary's Krampal and Jonil. A style of play that focuses on fast breaks combined with loop balls. It uses forehand and backhand fast breaks as the main technique, uses backhand fast breaks to strive for the initiative, and uses forehand loop balls to find opportunities for smashes as a scoring method. The representative figures are Bengtsen of Sweden and Orlofsky of the Czech Republic. The characteristics of these two playing styles are strong placement, fast speed, the ability to pull and hit, low pull and high hit, and a large room for maneuver. Table tennis has advanced to a new level where placement and speed are closely combined. This is the third major improvement in the level of table tennis.

Since the 1970s, due to the strengthening of international exchanges and study and research, various playing styles have learned from each other, resulting in faster development and improvement of table tennis technology. For example, China's close-to-the-table fast break, pen-hold fast break combined with loop shots, and horizontal fast break combined with loop shots have all developed and innovated, and have achieved excellent results in international competitions. The International Table Tennis Federation has 186 member associations and is one of the largest sports organizations in the world.

In 1982, the International Olympic Committee’s decision to list table tennis as an official Olympic event from 1988 promoted the faster development of table tennis.

? Small ball? Become ? Big ball?

In the early 1980s, after the Chinese team won 7 championships in the 36th World Table Tennis Championships, some people proposed to change the There are suggestions such as making the table tennis balls bigger and the nets higher, but this suggestion has not been taken seriously by people.

Since then, table tennis technology has continued to develop, the ball speed has become faster and faster, and the spin has become stronger and stronger. Many athletes have fewer rounds when playing against each other; sometimes the ball flies like lightning, and the winner has been decided before the audience can see it clearly, which weakens the interest of table tennis enthusiasts.

At the ITTF Congress held during the 45th World Table Tennis Championships in Dawei in 1999, the "big ball reform" proposal was shelved because it did not receive a three-quarters majority vote. On February 23, 2000, the ITTF Extraordinary Conference and Representative Conference passed the 40 mm ball reform plan in Kuala Lumpur and decided to use balls with a diameter of 40 mm and a weight of 2.7 grams from October 1, 2000. Replaces 38mm balls.

Other changes

In addition, table tennis reforms also include the implementation of the "11-point system" to replace the "21-point system" and "unobstructed serving". The "glue ban order" was officially implemented on September 1, 2008, and inorganic glue was used instead. Solvent glue with volatile substances is usually called organic glue or quick-drying glue. Its main components are adhesive colloid and organic solvent. The latter refers to a low-toxic, volatile chemical solvent that can dissolve adhesive colloid, which contains toluene, Xylene and other toxic ingredients, the ITTF has certain restrictions on toxic ingredients in glue. Organic glue can increase the elasticity of the sponge and increase the speed of the bat. Every athlete needs to apply glue to the racket several times before participating in the competition. This is also regarded as an essential weapon in table tennis competitions. Inorganic glue is colorless and odorless. The dilution is similar to water. It does not increase the elasticity of the sponge. It only needs to be brushed once. The base plate of this glue is easy to clean without leaving any residue. The main playing skills of table tennis

(1) Key points of action (taking the right hand as an example)

1. Forehand attack: Stand near the center of the table to the right, with the left foot slightly forward, The body is facing the table diagonally, the clapping hand is naturally relaxed and placed in front of the abdomen, and the clap is held in a semi-horizontal position. Guide the racket slightly to the right along the path of the ball, about the same height as the table, the racket surface and the table are about 80 degrees, and the forearm is basically parallel to the table. When the ball bounces off the table, swing the racket hand from the right to the front and upper left. The forearm quickly draws in and out and the wrist rotates inward to swing along the ball in an arc. In the middle and upper part of the ball during the rising period, the hitting position is on the right side of the body. One forearm's distance in front.

2. Backhand attack: Stand close to the table with your right foot slightly forward. The clapping hand is naturally bent and placed in front of the abdomen to the left, with the center of gravity leaning toward the left foot. Follow the line of the ball and lead the shot backward. When the ball bounces off the table, the racket-holding hand accelerates the swing from left back to right forward, with the forearm exerting the main force. The wrist is turned outward, the racket tilts forward, the center of gravity moves to the right foot, and the left and right chests hit the middle and upper part of the rising period. . The key points and difficulties in attacking the ball are the power of the swing and the correct and appropriate hitting point.

(2) Teaching methods

Imitate the forehand and backhand attack movements with bare hands, and experience the essentials of arm swing, waist twist and center of gravity conversion. The practitioner stands close to the right (left) side of Taichung and throws and attacks the opponent's right (left) diagonal line near the right (left) corner end line. Experience the forearm internal and external rotation, wrist internal (external) rotation and hitting point. Two people practice sparring. One person throws and attacks himself, and the other person counterattacks with a block ball, exchanging practice. Two people are facing each other, one is attacking the ball with the front (back) hand, and the other is pushing to block and return the ball, practicing interchangeably. Two people practice sparring, one person attacks with two points, the other pushes with two points and blocks with one point, and practice interchangeably. The two of them attack diagonally with their hands (forehand and backhand). The two attacked in a straight line in the middle.

(3) Common mistakes and corrective methods

When attacking the ball with the forehand, you dare not swing the racket boldly, there is a pause, and the arc is not created well. Corrective method: Use your bare hands to imitate swinging and practice swinging the racket enough. The angle between the upper arm and the body is too small. Correction: Relax your shoulders and increase the distance between your upper arms and your body. Raise your elbows and arms. Correction method: For fast break exercises near the table, emphasize that the elbows and shoulders are back and downward when hitting the ball. The wrist is dropped and the racket is perpendicular to the forearm. Corrective method: Emphasize internal rotation of the wrist and the racket handle to the left, and imitate the practice with bare hands. The ball's landing point is not accurately judged, and the shooting action is not in place. Correction method: First do the practice of catching and hitting the ball, and then do the practice of continuously pushing and blocking the ball to correct it. The racket tilts forward too early when attacking the ball with the backhand. Corrective method: Do lead-in exercises with your bare hands so that the racket face is tilted back. The forward tilt of the racket is not enough. Correction method: practice flat hitting and serving, and experience the external rotation of the wrist when hitting the ball. Don't keep your wrists too stiff when practicing.

How to serve in table tennis

(1) Forehand running ball

1. Characteristics: The ball is fast, has a long landing point, and has high momentum. It is served to the opponent's right corner or center left position. , which poses a greater threat to the opponent.

2. Key points: ① Throwing the ball should not be too high; ② Increase the swing speed at the moment of hitting the ball; ③ The first landing point should be close to the end line of the table; ④ The point is at the same height as the net or slightly lower On the net.

(2) Backhand rush ball and rush backspin ball

1. Characteristics: fast ball speed, low arc, large forward thrust, forcing the opponent to retreat to catch the ball, which is conducive to attacking , often used in conjunction with tight backspin balls.

2. Key points: ① The hitting point should be on the left front side of the body at the same height as the net or slightly lower than the net; ② Pay attention to the shaking of the wrist to exert force; ③ The first landing point should be at the end line of the own court. nearby.

(3) Short serve

1. Features: small hitting movement, quick release, the second jump after the ball falls on the opponent's table does not come out, making it difficult for the opponent to serve Force to pull, rush or attack.

2. Key points: ① Throwing the ball should not be too high; ② When hitting the ball, the strength of the wrist is greater than the strength of the forearm; ③ The first landing point of the serve is on the table, not too close to the net; ④ The action of serving Try to make it similar to a long serve so that it is difficult for the opponent to judge.

(4) Forehand serving and non-spinning serve

1. Characteristics: The ball speed is slow and the forward momentum is small. It mainly uses similar serving movements to create rotation changes to confuse the opponent. Cause the opponent to make errors in receiving the serve or create opportunities for yourself to attack.

2. Key points: ① Throwing the ball should not be too high; ② When spinning the ball, hold the racket back later and cut the middle and lower part of the ball; the more you spin the ball, the more attention should be paid to the forward movement of the arm; ③When the ball does not spin when serving, the angle of tilt of the racket surface will be reduced instantly when hitting the ball, and the force of pushing forward will be increased.

(5) Forehand serve with left up (down) spin

1. Characteristics: The left up (down) spin force is strong, and the opponent will turn to the right when blocking the ball. It rebounds from the upper (lower) side, usually standing to the left of the center line or serving sideways.

2. Key points: ① Keep your abdomen closed when serving, and the hitting point should not be far away from the body; ② Try to increase the amplitude and arc of the swing from right to left to enhance the side spin intensity. ③When delivering left-side topspin, your wrist quickly retracts at the moment of hitting the ball, and the racket rubs from the center of the ball to the upper left. ④When sending left backspin, the racket face is tilted back and the racket rubs from the middle and lower part of the ball to the lower left.

(6) Backhand serve with right up (down) spin

1. Features: The right up (down) spin is strong. After the opponent blocks it, it will move to the left Rebound up (down). The best place to serve is to use a long diagonal ball from the left and a short ball from the center right near the net.

2. Key points: ① Pay attention to the abdominal and waist turning movements; ② Make full use of wrist rotation to cooperate with the forearm force; ③ When serving up and down spin on the right side, the racket moves from the middle of the ball to the upper right at the moment of hitting the ball. Friction, there is an upper hook action on the wrist; ④ When serving a right-side spin ball, the racket surface is tilted back later, and the racket rubs from the middle and lower part of the ball to the right and downwards at the moment of hitting the ball.

(7) Squat serve

1. Features: Squat serve is an overhand serve, and Chinese athletes began to use it as early as the 1950s. It is easier for players with a horizontal shot to squat down than players with a straight shot. Players with a straight shot need to change their grip when serving, that is, move their index finger to the back of the racket. Squatting down to serve can produce left and right spins. When the opponent is not used to it, it is a great threat. If you serve high quality balls at critical times, you can often score directly.

2. Key points: ① Pay attention to the coordination of throwing the ball and swinging the bat, and master the hitting time. ② The serve must be of high quality and the serving action must be neat to prevent the opponent from attacking you before you stand up completely. ③ When serving the upspin and downspin ball on the right side, put your left foot slightly forward, turn your body slightly to the right, and swing The shooting route is from the back left to the front right. When the ball touches the middle part of the ball and rubs it upward to the right, it is called right-side topspin; when it touches the middle part of the ball and rubs it downward to the right, it is called right-side backspin. ④When squatting down to hit the left side upspin or backspin, stand slightly flat from the middle right to the upper left, with your body basically facing the table, and the swing route is from the back right to the front left. The friction when the ball hits the ball is left-side topspin; the friction from the middle to the lower left part of the ball is left-side backspin. ⑤ When serving left (right) side upspin and backspin, special attention should be paid to quickly making semicircular friction movements with the ball.

(8) Forehand high throw serve

1. Features: The most significant feature is that the throw is high, which increases the positive pressure on the racket when the ball drops, and the serve is fast. , strong momentum, many rotation changes, turning and flying after landing on the stage. However, the high throw service action is complicated and has a certain degree of difficulty.

2. Key points: ① Don’t throw the ball too far away from the table and your body. ②The hitting point should be at the same height as the net or slightly lower than the net, preferably on the middle right near the waist (15 cm). ③ Try to increase the amplitude and arc of the inward swing. ④The left side topspin and backspin serve are the same as the low toss serve. ⑤After touching the ball, add a recovery action to the right and forward, which can increase the opponent's judgment (combined with a right spin ball, it will be more powerful).