(1) There are two breeding grounds for giant salamanders, one is an open-air breeding pond, and the other is a civil air defense project and a basement breeding pond. Its structure is brick, cement, stone and concrete. The specific structural requirements are:
1。 The wall structure requirements of giant salamander culture pond are: (1) water is cut off to make it impermeable; (2) Safe and firm, able to withstand the pressure around the pool wall and the pressure in the pool water, and the pool wall does not sink; (3) Having escape prevention facilities; 4 the price is cheap.
The wall of giant salamander culture pond is generally made of square stone, brick or concrete and sealed with cement. The wall of the pool should be leveled with cement slurry or tiled.
The top of the pond wall should extend into his body 10 cm to prevent the giant salamander from escaping.
2. The bottom of the pool structure doll fish pond is generally tamped with stones with a thickness of 20 ~ 30 cm, then filled with pebbles, and finally paved with concrete. In order to facilitate drainage, the bottom of the pond is inclined from the periphery to the center with an inclination of about 2%, and then inclined from the center to a corner drain with an inclination of about 1% ~ 1.5%.
3. According to the water inlet channel, the water inlet is located at the corner of the pool opposite to the water outlet. The water inlet should be higher than the pool wall, preferably 60 cm above the ground water level and 20 cm into the pool. The material of the water inlet can be cement pipe or concrete cube, cast iron pipe or plastic pipe. No matter what material is used for the water inlet, control facilities and filters must be installed. The control facility adopts direct cut-off valve, and the pipe diameter can be determined according to the water demand and inlet pressure of various doll fish ponds. Larval ponds can be 100-300mm, and adult ponds can be 300-500mm. The material of the water inlet screen should be stainless steel, and the same use should be determined according to the size of the doll fish pond.
(2) The construction of adult breeding pond of giant salamander in breeding farm is an important environmental condition for giant salamander breeding, and it is also a key period for giant salamander commercial breeding. In the adult stage, the adaptability and adaptability of giant salamander are enhanced, and at the same time, absconding and similar law of the jungle also reach the peak. Therefore, adults need to be based on their physiological characteristics at this stage. Build more than five, so as to breed separately according to individual size.
According to the actual situation in various places, adult pools can be built indoors or in civil air defense projects, and can also be built outdoors. The pool area can reach 100 ~ 2000 square meters. The artificial radian or hole area in the pool accounts for 2/3 of the adult pool area, and the radian or hole size depends on the size of the adult individual. Outdoor swimming pool building, in addition to indoor adult requirements and facilities, must install sunshade facilities. Shading can be installed in various places according to the actual situation, and shading is required at the top and around the pool.
Two. Adult reproduction
Successful experience and technology have been gained in adult culture in China. The main breeding methods are outdoor breeding, base breeding, civil air defense engineering breeding and factory temperature control breeding developed by us. Generally speaking, it can be divided into still water culture and flowing water culture.
The natural giant salamander takes the bait in the natural environment as its nutritional basis, so it grows slowly and generally takes five years to reach adulthood. The artificial breeding of giant salamander is to create a good ecological environment and provide nutritious feed. Generally, it only takes 2 ~ 3 years to reach the adult stage.
Giant salamander has high nutritional value and medicinal value, and has great economic development value. Therefore, the breeding technology of giant salamander will be the focus of competition in aquaculture in China in the future, and giant salamander will also be the key species to be developed in the future.
(1) The breeding method of giant salamander can be selected according to the situation. The following introduces the temperature-controlled culture technology-the industrial three-dimensional culture method of giant salamander, which has obtained the invention patent.
(2) Adult stocking
First, the preparation before stocking
(1) The maintenance and disinfection of adult pool is mainly to check the inlet and outlet pipes. Check whether the filter tank, filter device and temperature controller are damaged and maintain them. Check whether the adult pool is damaged and maintain it in time. Then the adult pool is disinfected and stocked after the medicinal properties disappear.
(2) Adult disinfection mainly prevents water mold and bacterial diseases, and the disinfection methods and drugs are the same as those of larvae. When stocking, the water temperature of the adult fish pond should be the same as that of the young fish pond.
(3) Check the number and specifications of adults before stocking, so as to raise them in different pools according to their size, medium and small size. In this way, adults with the same specifications have basically the same food intake and intensity, and the growth rate is basically the same, which can avoid mutual cannibalism caused by mixed culture of large and small.
2. Stocking density The stocking density of giant salamander adults depends on the breeding methods, technical level and breeding conditions in various places. Table 5-2 summarizes the stocking standards of different adult feeding methods.
Third, feed and feed.
Feed and feeding are the central links of the whole giant salamander culture technology. The quality of feeding management is very important to the growth and development of adults. The occurrence of giant salamander diseases, the stability of water quality, the survival rate and yield of adults are closely related.
(-) the ecological and physiological habits of adults
1. Adults with living habits inhabit the hidden spring of the Milky Way in the natural environment, and those cultivated artificially inhabit artificial caves.
2. Adult feed is carnivorous, which can be divided into two categories: fresh frozen animals (but not suitable for excessive fat) and artificial compound feed.
3. The suitable range of water temperature is 16 ~ 25℃, and the best range is 18 ~ 23℃.
4. The oxygen consumption is 20.28 ~ 32.89 mg/kg ha during the day and 265,438+0.69 ~ 36.24 mg/kg ha at night.
5. appropriate 5. The PH value of adults is 6.5 ~ 7.5.
6. Illuminator is backlight movement-one is photophobia, requiring illumination 100 ~ 500 lux.
(2) Feed and feeding methods
1. Feed type The giant salamander is a carnivorous animal, and its natural feed resources are very rich, mainly including fish, shrimp, frog, shellfish, loach, chicken and duck embryos, mutton, beef, rabbit meat, earthworms and so on. The artificial compound feed can be eel compound feed, and we developed the artificial compound feed for giant salamander. The feed coefficient of natural feed for adults is 3.5 ~ 6.3. The feed coefficient of adults fed with artificial compound feed is 2.8 ~ 3.6. All localities can decide the breeding varieties according to the local feed resources.
2. Feeding In order to improve the breeding efficiency of giant salamander and reduce the feed cost, before feeding, it is necessary to know the digestion, absorption and utilization ability of adults to determine the reasonable feeding amount. Reasonable feeding includes the nutrition, growth, metabolism, physiological and ecological environment, feeding amount, feeding times, feeding methods and feeding principles of giant salamander.
(1) Feeding time and frequency The giant salamander has a strong digestion and absorption ability under suitable temperature conditions, generally feeding 1 time every 2-3 days, and feeding 1 time every 5-7 days when the humidity is lower than 10℃. The giant salamander goes out at night and feeds at night, so it is 8 ~ 10 every night in summer and 6 ~ 8 in winter.
(2) There are many factors that affect the feeding of giant salamander, such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, water quality, diseases, feed varieties and feed quality. The feed requirement of giant salamander can be calculated according to the number of adult fish in the pond and the daily feeding rate, and its calculation formula is:
A=W×E
Where a is the daily feeding amount;
W—— weight of giant salamander;
E-feeding speed.
Water temperature is an important factor affecting the feeding of giant salamander, because giant salamander is a temperature-changing animal, and its physiological metabolism changes with water temperature. The feeding and growth of giant salamander are positively correlated with the increase of water temperature in a suitable temperature range. Generally, the food intake increases above 12℃, and the food intake at 18 ~ 23℃ is the largest and the fastest. When the water temperature rises above 26℃, the food intake decreases, and above 28℃, it enters "summer sleep". Under the condition of suitable temperature and the same feed quality, dissolved oxygen and water quality play a major role. Therefore, the food intake of adults should be determined by comprehensive factors. After 10 years of research results, we have obtained a feeding standard at different water temperatures, which can be used for feeding adult fish.
(3) Feeding method The reasonable feeding method should be determined according to the biological and ecological habits of giant salamander. In order to improve feed utilization rate and reduce feed cost, we must adhere to the four-fixed feeding method, that is, timing, positioning, qualitative and quantitative.
① Timing is to feed the giant salamander on time according to its biological habits and feeding characteristics at night, and at the same time, feed the giant salamander in advance or delay according to the season, water temperature and water quality. General feeding time: summer night 1O, 8 pm in winter.
(2) The habit of positioning feeding can promote the centralized feeding of giant salamander, and the feeding in groups can not only increase the appetite of giant salamander, but also reduce the dispersion of feed and improve feed efficiency.
(3) Quality determination If the feed is artificially formulated, it should be kept in a low temperature, dry and moisture-free place. Adults have different feed additives for different breeding purposes. In order to improve the utilization ratio of compound feed protein, oil should be added when preparing feed, and generally fish oil and vegetable oil are needed. The amount of grease increases or decreases with the water temperature. When the water temperature is 18 ~ 23℃, 5% fish oil and 5% corn oil are added; When the water temperature is 14 ~ L.7℃, the oil consumption is 5% ~ 6%; When the temperature is lower than 12℃, grease cannot be added. Natural bait should be fresh and clean, and spoiled bait should never be fed. The natural bait is an ideal bait for loach, maggot earthworm, crucian carp and chicken and duck embryos.
④ According to different factors such as food intake, digestion, individual growth, individual size, water temperature and water quality. Give the right amount of feed.