James watt (james watt, 1736 65438+ 10/9-
18 19 August 19) is a famous British inventor and an important figure in the industrial revolution. 1776 made the first practical steam engine. After a series of major improvements, it has become a "universal prime Mover" and has been widely used in industry. He opened a new era of human energy utilization and marked the beginning of the industrial revolution. In memory of this great inventor, later generations set the unit of power as "Watt".
The main inventions of the first industrial revolution are as follows:
Invented by the inventor of time
Kay John Sophie
The manual loom transfers the shuttle from one hand to the other, so the knitting range cannot exceed the length of the arm. 1733, British space shuttle worker Kay (AD 1704- 1764) discovered this problem and invented the flying shuttle. As long as the loom pulls the guide rope, the shuttle can shuttle left and right, so that wider fabrics can be woven and the weaving speed is greatly improved. 1760, Kay's son further improved it and improved the performance of the shuttle.
1764 james hargreaves Jenny spinning machine
The invention of the Jenny machine is the transformation of the old spinning wheel by the weaver Hargreaves. The Jenny machine was invented in 1765 and put into use in 1768. He transformed the horizontally placed single spindle spinning wheel into a new spinning machine composed of multiple spindles. The invention of Jenny machine expanded the original 8 spindles to 80 spindles, and then the number of spindles increased continuously.
But Hargreaves and many other inventors suffered the same fate. Spinners broke into his house and destroyed the machine he invented. The invention of the machine led to the decrease of the skill and function of manual technicians and unemployment, which caused resistance to the invention of the machine. This kind of thing was common in the early days of the industrial revolution.
1769 Akelet Hydrospinning Machine is known as "the father of modern factories".
1785 watt improved steam engine
1778 Joseph Bram bathroom
1779 Crompton hand hammer spinning machine
1785 Cartwright power loom
1796 Seinfeld lithography
1797 Henry Maudslay spiral cutting machine tool
1802 james watt improved the Newcomen steam engine.
The invention of the steam engine first came from the need of coal mine drainage. The development of coal mines is driven by the iron and steel industry. The steelmaking process in iron and steel industry needs molten iron, and molten iron needs a lot of heat as the melting condition. At that time, the heat mainly came from burning wood, so the demand for wood was rising, which led to the desolation of trees. When the forest disappeared little by little, people turned the new power source to the mining area, so people began to mine. The deeper the mine is dug, the more groundwater gushes out. At first, people relied on wind and water to control the gushing groundwater. As the mine is dug deeper and deeper, more and more groundwater is gushing out, and the power of wind and water is difficult to meet, so people need a more powerful power system, that is, steam pump.
The beginning of steam technology did not begin in England, but in Herod of ancient Greece 50 years ago. He invented a device that gently drives the ball to rotate by using the recoil of steam jet. Leonardo da vinci drops water on a hot surface and uses the sudden expansion caused by water evaporation to shoot shells. Savery invented "Friends of Mines" in 1698, which was applied to the steam pump for pumping water in mines. Newcomen invented the piston atmospheric steam engine in 17 12, which has been applied in various countries. Its efficiency is three times that of horse-drawn water, but its cost is one third of that of horse-drawn water.
If the technology of the textile machine depends on the craftsmanship, then the steam engine invented by Watt is guided by science. Watt is a former instrument repairman at Glasgow University. During the repair process, he found that the efficiency of the power machine was low, only 1%. After research, he found the reason. Watt's innovations in latent heat, external condenser, precision machining, oil lubrication, and setting insulation layer have improved the efficiency of the steam engine invented by Watt by more than 3%.
The steam engine invented and improved by Watt was quickly applied to mine work. 1780, 40 steam engines were built. By 1784, Watt had obtained a patent, namely a two-way steam engine. The reciprocating motion of this piston is driven by steam. Watt also used connecting rods, flywheels and so on. , and later invented the centrifugal governor.
Since then, the machine production system composed of power machine, transmission machine and working machine is a great leap in the history of technology. 1785, the first batch of newly designed steam engines were delivered to the spinning mill for use. From then on, the original 300-400 ingots were transferred to 10000 ingots. By 1800, Watt's patent was invalid, and numerous steam engine factories were established one after another, which led to the departments of brewing, grinding, paper making and leather making. So that new industries are constantly emerging. By 182 1 year, nearly 1500 steam engines have been put into use in Britain, and factories are no longer restricted by construction sites because there is no hydraulic restriction.
Fulton steamship 1807
18 12 trey Vissec kearney boiler
Stephenson steam locomotive
18 15 Han Dawei miner's lamp
1844 William Fairburn Lancashire boiler