Which scientists in history have studied perpetual motion machines?

Leonardo da Vinci's perpetual motion machine is impossible to realize. In fact, according to the principle of lever balance, in the above two designs, although each weight on the right has a great rotating effect on the wheel, the number of weights is small. Accurate calculation can prove that there will always be a suitable position, so that the opposite rotating action (torque) exerted by the weights on the left and right sides on the wheel is just equal, which cancels each other and makes the wheel balance and come to a standstill. Stell 65438+In 1970s, Italian mechanic Stell put forward the design scheme of perpetual motion machine. In the design, Stell thinks that the water flowing from the upper water tank impacts the rotation of the waterwheel, which drives the waterwheel to rotate, and at the same time, a set of gears drives the screw pump to lift the water in the reservoir to the upper water tank again. He believes that the whole device can continue to operate in this way and work effectively. In fact, less and less water flows back into the water tank, and soon all the water in the water tank flows into the reservoir below and the turbine stops running. Buoyancy is also a good helper in designing perpetual motion machines. It is a famous design scheme of buoyancy perpetual motion machine. A series of balls, wrapped around the upper and lower wheels, can rotate like a chain. Some balls on the right are put in a container full of water. The designer thinks that if there is no water container on the right and the number of balls on the left and right sides is equal, the chain will be balanced. The balls on the right are immersed in water. When they are floated by water, they will be pushed up by water, driving the whole string of balls to rotate around the upper and lower wheels. There is a ball on the water. There is a ball below, which passes through the bottom of the container and is added. Is it because it is technically difficult to let the ball below pass through the bottom of the container without water leaking out? Technical difficulty is not the main problem, but the principle of design. When the ball below passes through the bottom of the container, it bears the pressure of the water above, just like the bottom of the container, and because it is at the bottom of the water, the pressure is great. This downward pressure will counteract the buoyancy of the ball above, and the fluid power machine will not stay still forever.