Function words in classical Chinese are generally words that do not constitute sentences and do not express real meaning. The main function is to combine language units. The following is the difference between function words and real words in classical Chinese, which I compiled for you. I hope it will help you!
Compared with the content words in classical Chinese, the function words in classical Chinese have the following characteristics:
First, the usage is more flexible than the content words, and often a word has several usages, several explanations and even belongs to several categories of words.
Second, the frequency of use is higher than that of real words, and many commonly used function words will appear many times in one article.
Third, grammar is stronger than content words. Content words often rely on the combination, connection and assistance of function words to become complete sentences, which reflect different meanings, express different feelings and express different tones.
Fourth, in the development history of Chinese, the change is greater than the content words. It is of great benefit to enhance the ability of reading classical Chinese to accurately grasp these characteristics of classical Chinese function words and master the meaning and usage of commonly used classical Chinese function words.
Pay attention to the following points when learning function words in classical Chinese:
1. Distinguish between the false and the true
The classification of function words and content words in classical Chinese is basically the same as that in modern Chinese, except that pronouns are generally classified as function words. It is particularly important to note that most of the function words in classical Chinese are borrowed from real words or grammaticalized from real words, so it is very common that a word can be used in both real and imaginary ways at the same time. When learning, it is necessary to distinguish which is the real word and which is the function word. For example, in the "Hongmen Banquet", who is the king for this purpose, the former one is a preposition, meaning to replace and give; The latter is a verb, which means to make and make. Distinguishing between the virtual and the real meaning of words should be analyzed according to the context.
2, identify usage
Some function words not only have the usage of content words, but also have many usages within the scope of function words, which should be determined according to their functions in sentences. For example, the witch doctor musician in Shi Shuo is a man of great skill, and the gentleman is contemptuous. Today, his wisdom is beyond his reach, and he can be blamed. The former one is a pronoun, replacing the above gentleman; The latter one is an adverb, which is equivalent to whether to strengthen the rhetorical tone.
another situation is that although the words are different, they can all mean the same usage. Both "Huhe" and "Yu" can have prepositions.
3. Linking ancient and modern times
To understand the usage of function words in classical Chinese, we should often compare them with modern Chinese, find out the ancient and modern changes of some common function words, and accurately grasp that these words are equivalent to those in modern Chinese.
There are four kinds of changes of function words from ancient times to modern times: a few of them have survived; Some disappear completely; Some usages have changed; Sometimes other words are used.
4. Pay attention to special
There are some special phenomena in function words in classical Chinese, which should be paid special attention to when learning.
(1) a word. Part-time word refers to a monosyllabic word that has the meaning and function of two words, and the two words it holds belong to two different parts of speech.
(2) the use of function words. Function words are used together to strengthen the mood, and there are more two function words used together, and there are also three used together.
(3) disyllabic. Classical Chinese used to be two monosyllabic words (some are function words, some are function words, and the other is content words), but it has developed into a disyllabic function word in modern Chinese, and their meanings are quite different.
perspective of examination sites
1. The outline of examination refers to
understanding the usage of common function words in classical Chinese. Common function words in classical Chinese: Er, He, Hu, Nai, Qi, Er, Ruo, Suo, Wei, Ye, Yi, Cause, Yu, Yu, Zhe, Zhe.
Second, the placement of the proposition
The examination of function words in classical Chinese has the following characteristics:
First, the most commonly used way of examination is comparison, that is, picking out function words with the same glyph and comparing their meanings and usages. The stem of the question requires judging the similarities and differences between the usage and meanings of some function words, and sometimes examples can be given in the stem of the question, asking for the same options as the example usage, and most of the questions are set.
Second, the scope of examination is strictly in accordance with the provisions of the syllabus of that year, and at the same time, the extremely common function words are repeatedly examined, such as the words "Yi" and so on, which appear frequently in the college entrance examination.
Third, the number of function words examined in different years is different. Sometimes, one function word is discriminated, and sometimes more function words are compared. In recent years, it tends to the latter. Fourthly, from the perspective of examination, it is required to solve problems from two aspects: meaning and usage, that is, to explain the meaning and grammar of function words in different sentences, including parts of speech and components. Fifth, almost all the examples except the selected reading materials are from middle school textbooks, and the translation of many sentences also involves function words.
A detailed analysis of typical cases
Example 1: (Tianjin Volume 12, 25)
Yesterday, Zhao Wen and Wang Xijian, swordsmen, closed the door and invited more than 3, people. Before they hit each other day and night, more than 1 people were killed or injured, which is never too bad. If it is three years, the country will decline and the princes will seek it. The prince was worried about it, so he raised the left and right sides and said, Who can tell the king that he wants to stop the swordsmen and give him a daughter? The left and right said: Zhuangzi should be able.
The Prince made people give thousands of dollars to Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi. Going with the emissary, I saw the prince and said, "Those who heard about the use of Zhou by the prince were heartbroken.". The envoy said that the king was against the king's will, and if he was not a prince, he would die of physical punishment. What did Zhou Shang 'an do? The envoy said that the king was the king and the prince was the next. What could Zhao ask for? The prince said: naturally. My king sees only swordsmen. Zhuangzi said: Promise, Zhou Shan is the sword. The prince said: Today, the master will be convinced by Confucianism and meet the king, and things will go against him. Zhuangzi said, "Please treat your sword for three days, but you will see the Prince. The prince is with the king.
Zhuangzi refused to enter the temple gate, and refused to worship the king. Wang Yue: How can Zi Yu teach me? I heard about Wang Xi's sword, so I saw the king with it. Wang yue: how can the sword of the son be banned? Yue: the sword of the minister, ten steps and one person, thousands of miles without leaving a line. Wang Dayue said: The world is invincible! Zhuangzi said, "A husband is a swordsman, so he can show his advantage, and then he can make his fortune.". First and foremost. I am willing to try it. The king said, Master, if you stop, you will be ordered to stand by. Ask the master to set up a play.
Wang Nai was a swordsman in the school for seven days. More than 6 people were killed or injured, and five or six people were killed. So he gave his royal highness a sword and called Zhuangzi. Wang Yue: I tried Shi Dunjian today. Zhuangzi said, I have been looking forward to it for a long time. Wang yue: what is the length of the battle that the master fought? Say: I can give anything I want. However, I have three swords, which are only used by the king. Please speak before you try.
Wang said: I would like to smell three swords. There are heavenly swords, princes' swords and Shu Ren's swords. Wang Yue: What about the sword of the son of heaven? Yue: the sword of the son of heaven, with Yan Huo Shicheng as the front and Qi Dai as the flower; Wrapped in four yi, wrapped in four seasons; The system is based on the five elements, and the theory is based on criminal morality; Go to the clouds, go to the Jedi. When this sword is used, the princes will be conquered and the world will be served. King Wen Mang suddenly lost himself, saying, What about the sword of the vassal? Yue: The sword of a warlord takes knowing the brave as the front, and taking the incorruptible as the base; Go to France to make the sky smooth, go to France to make it smooth at four o'clock, and neutralize public opinion to make it safe. This sword can be used within four letters, and all of them will obey your orders. Wang Yue said: Shu Ren's sword, with its hair protruding from its temples and its crown hanging down, is difficult to speak. It's like fighting cocks. Once you're dead, you can't use it for state affairs. Today, the king has the position of the son of heaven and is good at Shu Ren's sword, but I stole it for the king.
Wang Nai led him to the temple. Killing people for food, Wang Sanhuan. Zhuangzi said, "Your Majesty, sit still and hold your breath. The sword is finished. So the king Wen did not leave the palace in March, and all the swordsmen were killed in his place.
(Zhuangzi. The sword is abridged)
Among the following groups of sentences, the group with the same meaning and usage is ()
A. If the former Hanoi is fierce day and night, its people will be moved to the east of the river
B, and the casualties will be over 1 years old, which is very good
. Your ignorance
C, today's master must be obedient to Confucianism and meet the king
, then all the people in the world will look forward to it
D, Prince Nai and meeting the king
and winning without helping the five countries
[analysis] This question mainly examines the examinee's mastery of the usage of function words in classical Chinese, and examines four function words. Among them, the group with the same meaning and usage is item C. Today, the master must be in Confucian clothes and see the king, but the people all over the world are looking forward to it. It is a conjunction that modifies the relationship. Seeing the king in Confucian clothes means to visit King Wen of Zhao in Confucian clothes, and looking forward to it means to stretch your neck and look far away. Item a hits the front day and night, so the preposition is there, and Hanoi is fierce, so the preposition is there. The casualties in item B are over 1 years old, and the pronoun is the best one, which is very bad for the incident mentioned above. What you are not wise for is the auxiliary word, which has no real meaning. It is used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the sentence independence. In item D, "Prince Nai" and "seeing the king" are prepositions of "peace, heel" and "winning without helping the five countries", which means "making friends and attaching to each other".
Answer: C
Example 2: (No.7 in Beijing Volume 25) (for the original text, see Section III
Analysis of classical Chinese sentence patterns)
The words added in the following groups of sentences have the same meaning and usage:
()
A, Zhuang Gong died, and even more Jing Gong
but you widen your view three hundred miles. Negative axe quality
For example, if you throw meat at a tiger with grace, what is the merit?
C, later generations think that the law process is
the foreigners are close, so many tourists
D, and they will help each other at first, and then they will hate each other.
If the road is rough, draw a sword to help each other
[analysis] This question requires students to consciously transfer what they have learned in the text to. In each group of sentences, the group with the same meaning and usage is A. In Group A, Geng Li Jing Gong and Geng Li by going up one flight of stairs are both adverbs, and both can be used as "you" and "you". In Group B, the negative axe is the pronoun, which means to celebrate the seal: He Gong is an auxiliary word with no real meaning, which is the symbol of prepositional object. In group C, later generations thought that the preposition was the process, which was equivalent to "Ba", "Na" and "Yong" in modern Chinese, and the object was omitted behind it. It is a preposition that the great barbarians are close to each other, which is equivalent to and. Although the two phases in Group D are pronouns, the phase that is bound to be evil later refers to each other and each other, while the phase that draws out a sword to help each other means that one party does something to the other. Although the examination of function words in this question of Beijing Volume has broken through the scope stipulated in the syllabus and is not among the eighteen function words stipulated, the related usage of these two function words often appears in the teaching materials, so it is not difficult for candidates to answer as long as they mobilize their knowledge accumulation.
Answer: A
Common misunderstandings
First, content words and function words cannot be distinguished. For example, if the prince is with the king and won without helping the five countries, the former is a function word, and the latter is a content word.
second, grasping the meaning of a word cannot be combined with the context. If you start to help each other, you will inevitably see each other in the future, and the semantics of the phase in the two sentences are confused. According to the context, the former is mutual and the latter is him.
third, grasping the meaning of function words does not take into account its overall structure. If a servant encounters this misfortune in oral English, it is not appropriate to explain the behavior in the sentence "Laughing at the hard time" separately, but to explain it in combination with what he has done. * * * together constitute a passive behavior structure.
fourth, when grasping the meaning of function words, pay attention to one thing and lose sight of another. For example, Xibo, Boye, and those who are confined in a sentence should not be mistaken for pausing in the sentence just because they are in the sentence, which plays a prompt role; This should be seen in the whole sentence, which actually focuses on the association with the former. Xibo and Bo are also decisive sentences, and here are also modal particles to express judgment.
Basic drills
1. Compare the word "with" in the following sentences. The correct analysis of its meaning and usage is
()
(1) reporting to the spirit of the late emperor to show his blame
(2) placing property in the boundary to avoid theft
(3) winning the honor of all the leaders
(4) wishing to invite Yi Bi with fifteen cities
(5) taking Qin Zhao as the king who was born in Handan in 48 years < Don't
(7) (childe) wants to go to Qin Jun as a guest, and both Zhao will die
(8) A gentleman doesn't judge people by words, and he doesn't waste words by people
(9) He can't take his place in the world, so he won't be an official for life
(1) The world has changed, and Wang cut Hanzhong with Chu and
(11). (8) same as (9)
B, (3) same as (4), (1) different from (11)
C, (5) different from (6), (7) same as (1)
D, (1) and (6). Reward people for their achievements
② Award officials for their abilities
③ Good fighters are guided by their potential
④ Fair and mediocre, and the so-called personnel are also
⑤ Han soldiers are defeated by victory
⑤ Practice Huawei City, because the river is a pool
⑤ Stick to their posts and make no change
. The
⑩ who sent someone to kill him was unprepared, so he suddenly struck
A, ② and ④, ③ and ⑦
B, ⑦ and ⑩, ⑨ and ⑩
C, ① and ⑦, ② and ③
D, ④ and ⑧. To restore
② to be political and moral, for example, Beichen, who lives in his place and all the stars are at peace
③ This eternal resentment, while Zhao's shame
④ Fujun does not forget what he has done
⑤ Taizu is in the middle of the stream
⑤ Both are hairy. An inch long
⑦ The fishermen who point to the drum with fire at night are all heard
A, 16/27/345 ⑧
B, 126/345 ⑧/⑧
C, 16/234/⑧ ⑧
. The completely correct group is
()
① Fu Ding helps Wen Huijun to solve the problem
② Every day is normal, not for Yao's survival, not for the downfall
③ The world is bustling, all for the benefit of the Huns. Why can't the family fight for
⑤, and laugh for the princes
⑤? Please tie one person to cross the king. Anti-anger is
A, ① ③/②/④ ⑦/⑧/⑧
b, ① ③/②/④ ⑧/⑧
c, ①/②/③ ⑧/⑧
d, ①/ And the life is also
② The king regards the world as the respect for Qin, and respects
B and ① the presence of sight, then the insects gather on the crown
② and the rivers, and then the trapped animals are still fighting in the boat, and the situation is similar to that of the country
② Every time the first emperor called Cao Cao as an ability, it was still a loss.