■Information
Biotechnology faces ethical dilemmas
Biotechnology is in its infancy, and international cooperation in this field is very active and fully developed. , so there is currently not a big gap in research levels between major countries in the world. The United States has the strongest comprehensive research strength and the largest scale of industrialization, but countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, China, and Sweden also have their own characteristics and breakthroughs. In the future, scientists from all over the world will do their best to seize the commanding heights of this productivity leap, but biotechnology will also face some ethical dilemmas.
Therapeutic cloning research has always been a hot topic of debate between the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party in the United States, and it is a matter of votes. Donald Kennedy, editor-in-chief of the American "Science" magazine, once said that some scientists have found ways to "circumvent" the restrictions of U.S. laws. Some analysts believe that those who oppose cloning in the United States are mainly conservative religious groups and anti-abortion groups. These organizations are loyal voters of Bush, so it is difficult for the Bush administration to change its stance against therapeutic cloning.
At the same time, therapeutic cloning research provides strategic opportunities for those countries that support it, such as the United Kingdom and Sweden. The UK biotechnology industry ranks second in the world after the United States, with sectors benefiting from biotechnology employing more than 1.75 million workers and accounting for approximately 10% of GDP. The British government has always taken a proactive and supportive attitude toward biotechnology, believing that it is a typical knowledge economy, the UK's advantage, and the future of British industry. The British government issued the world's first legal license for cloning human embryos as early as August 11, 2004.
(Zhong He)
■Current situation
Genetically modified crops are troubling the EU
Facing pressure from the United States, Canada and Afghanistan, the EU will Genetically modified crops open the door
Europe is the only continent in the world that does not yet produce and sell genetically modified crops. However, facing pressure from the United States, Canada and Argentina at the World Trade Organization, the EU said all EU countries must open their doors to genetically modified crops and be prepared to develop feasible regulations to ensure the safety of human health and the environment.
"Planting genetically modified crops is suicide"
Five European countries have implemented 8 different bans, and many European countries also hope to prevent such foods from entering Europe. The “fight” has created a divide in transatlantic relations between the European Union, which refuses to produce and sell genetically modified crops, and the United States and Canada, which produce large quantities of genetically modified crops, on the other. European consumers and farmers generally do not want to see genetically modified crops. European food culture has developed for centuries. The problem is that Europeans are unwilling to plant biotech crops into the ground or put them in their mouths. Many consumers in the EU say they do not believe that genetically modified crops are safe, especially for the environment.
Many mainstream supermarkets in Europe do not sell these foods. Greek people are generally reluctant to grow, sell and eat genetically modified crops. Former Greek Environment Minister Theodore Koripanos said: "All political parties are opposed. We do not agree on other matters, but this is a special case."
Greece's largest farmers' federation "Those environment ministers who allow genetically modified crops to enter their countries will never be ministers again. Our market does not need them and it is economic suicide for farmers to grow genetically modified crops," said Chairman Nicolás Lapas.
"The US Ambassador will visit the new Greek minister"
Barbara Hefenrich, spokesperson of the EU Environment Council, said: "We have good policies, but we found that Consumers and many EU member states are very resistant to genetically modified crops, and have repeatedly blocked the passage of resolutions. ”
Those countries that produce genetically modified crops have exerted pressure within the WTO and individual countries. “The American ambassador who says, ‘You need genetically modified crops’ visits every new Greek minister.
"The pressure is unimaginable," Koripanos said. "Biotech companies like Monsanto insist that genetically modified crops have no obvious side effects and that such crops should immediately enter the European market.
4. Representative of top British education - Introduction to Life Science Major
Date: November 7, 2006
Source: Internet
Author:
Editor: Xu Hong
Zhejiang Online·Education Channel edu.zjol.com.cn
Some people predict that the 21st century will be the century of biological science. Whoever masters life science will dominate everything. From a macro perspective, contemporary biological science is developing mainly in two aspects: micro and macro. On the micro level, biology has moved from the cellular level to the molecular level to explore the essence of life; on the macro level, the development of ecology is providing solutions to global problems. Resources and environmental issues play an important role.
The biology major is one of the earlier majors. On the basis of biology, many new disciplines have been born through continuous intersection with other disciplines. Majors, such as biological science major, biotechnology major, bioengineering major, biochemistry major, bioinformatics major, biomedical science major, food science and engineering major, marine biological science major, marine bioengineering major, animal husbandry biology major, etc.
In order to facilitate the differentiation of these majors, they are roughly divided into the following six categories:
The first category, biological science major, biological science is from molecules, cells, organisms and even ecosystems, etc. The biological science major is a science that studies the nature of life phenomena, the origin and evolution of organisms, genetic variation, growth and development and other life activity laws at different levels. It aims to cultivate a solid theoretical foundation in biological science and master the basic theories and basic skills of this discipline. Biology professionals with certain scientific research capabilities and innovative spirit. Main professional courses: zoology, botany, biochemistry, cell biology, microbiology, genetics, bioengineering, molecular biology, ecology, plant physiology, Biostatistics, environmental protection, genetic engineering, protein and enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, cell engineering, modern biological experimental technology, etc.
Category 2, bioengineering major? Similar majors: biotechnology major, biology. Bioengineering, also known as biotechnology and biotechnology, is a comprehensive science and technology that arises from the organic combination of biological science and engineering technology. In other words, it is based on biological science and uses advanced scientific principles and engineering. Technical means are used to process or transform biological materials. For example, the birth and development of genetic recombination technology, DNA and protein sequence analysis technology, protein engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, chromosome engineering, etc. have been used in industry, agriculture, and medical health. It has been widely used and has made many breakthroughs. Main professional courses: organic chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, biochemical engineering, bioengineering, etc.
The third category is bioinformatics (similar). Major: Genetic Informatics Major) Bioinformatics is a popular interdisciplinary subject that has been developed and improved in recent years. It was often called genomic informatics at first. Biology is the core and soul of bioinformatics, and mathematics and computer technology are its basic tools. Broadly speaking, bioinformatics is a discipline that uses the perspectives, theories and methods of mathematical and information science to study life phenomena, organize and analyze the exponential growth of biological data. It is expected that bioinformatics professionals, as an emerging interdisciplinary field, will become one of the most in-demand talent types both internationally and domestically in the 21st century. Main professional courses: biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biostatistics, database, computer software basics, bioinformatics, gene chip technology, life system modeling, etc.
The fourth category, bio-food major (similar major: food science and engineering major), bio-food major is to cultivate students with knowledge of chemistry, biology, food engineering and food technology, who can engage in food production in the food field A discipline for senior scientific and technical talents working in technical management, quality control, product development, scientific research, engineering design, etc. Main professional courses: biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biostatistics, database, computer software basics, bioinformatics, proteomics, gene chip technology, life system modeling, etc.
Category 5, biomedical engineering major (similar major: medical biotechnology major) Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary discipline integrating biology, medicine and engineering technology. It is also a comprehensive high-tech discipline that uses the principles and methods of natural science and engineering technology to study and reveal the life phenomena of the human body, and solve human medical problems from an engineering perspective. Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary and borderline discipline that is developing extremely rapidly in the world. It aims to use modern engineering technology to solve biomedical detection, diagnosis, treatment, management and other problems as well as to further explore various forms of movement of living systems. and its regularity are important pillars of life sciences in the 21st century. ***21 colleges and universities offer biomedical engineering majors. Main professional courses: analog and digital electronic technology, microcomputer principles, digital signal and processing, engineering physiology, medical imaging and image processing, biosensing technology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetic and molecular biology, etc.
Category 6, Marine Biotechnology Major (similar majors: Marine Fishery Science and Technology Major, Aquaculture Major, etc.) This major cultivates solid basic knowledge and skills of modern marine biological science and modern biotechnology , senior professionals who are trained in marine scientific research and engineering technology applications and can engage in basic theoretical research on marine life, high-tech research, biological product development and related management in scientific research, production and teaching departments. Main professional courses: Analog and digital electronic technology, microcomputer principles, digital signal and processing, engineering physiology, quantitative physiology, medical imaging and image processing, biosensing technology, modern medical instruments, general biology, cell biology, biochemistry , genetic molecular biology, etc. Main professional courses: cell engineering, genetic engineering, microbial engineering, protein engineering, bioengineering downstream technology, biotechnology experiments, bioinformatics, developmental biology, fermentation engineering equipment, etc. Majors that conduct cross-research with biology include: bioenvironmental studies, animal husbandry biology, etc. As new advances in biological sciences continue to intersect and integrate with other disciplines, new interdisciplinary majors will continue to be born.
The UK is very suitable for cultivating biotechnology research talents. The UK's biological sciences have a world-class reputation. The UK has won more than 20 Nobel Prizes in life sciences. From the discovery of the structure of DNA in the past to the development of modern cell culture technology, British scientists have made many major breakthroughs in this field. The UK has around 500 biotech industrial applications companies, more than anywhere else in Europe. British universities lead the world in research quality in biological sciences. In the future, there will be more and more collaborative collaborations between British and Chinese universities in the biological sciences.
The courses offered by the Department of Biological Sciences in the UK are the same as other majors in two ways: 1) taught learning 2) research-based learning. The duration of study is one year. Tuition fees are generally around ￡9,000 for taught courses. The following are postgraduate courses offered by the biological sciences departments of some of the top universities in the UK.
Manchester University is located in the third largest city in the UK in northwest England. With more than 1,000 researchers and postgraduate students, Manchester University's School of Biological Sciences is one of the largest and most successful scientific research centers in Europe. This center offers - Master of Philosophy (Research Master) in Biological Sciences. This master's program provides a complete training in advanced research methods. Students can choose from a wide range of programs to specialize in, including: biochemistry, biotechnology, cell biology, genetics, immunology, and microbiology.
Among them, 60% of the time is spent on research projects, and the remaining 40% receives guidance on research techniques. Students who successfully complete this program can continue their doctoral studies in the second year. Research opportunities in biochemistry, cytology, immunology, pharmacy and other related fields can be obtained during this period. A full-time PhD program usually takes four years to complete (including the first year of the MPhil course). Strathclyde University is located in Glasgow, Scotland's commercial center. The Department of Biological Sciences and Technology has 14 full-time academic staff and state-of-the-art biological research equipment. Frequent research exchanges with overseas countries show that faculty members are often invited to visit and teach abroad. The department regularly receives distinguished visitors from around the world. We offer two full-time master's programs: the MSc Food Biology and the MSc Food Science and Microbiology. Research opportunities in biomedicine, microbiology, and environmental investigation are available during this period.
Kent University is located in Canterbury, a historic city in southeastern England known as the "Garden of England". The School of Biological Sciences at the University of Kent now has more than 150 academic research and technical staff. The University of Kent offers a research master's degree: the one-year Research Master's in Biotechnology. This can also be considered the first year of a four-year PhD program. This program includes basic instruction courses in biological science research technology, molecular biology, analytical biology, biotechnology statistics, and biotechnology and public affairs. The University of Kent also offers master's and research courses in biochemistry and microbiology.
Other top universities in the UK for biological sciences include: Newcastle University - The Center for Microscience and Technology is a leader in this research area. It offers the MSc in Biomedical Microtechnology - a one-year guided master's programme. It gives students the knowledge and technical foundation to enable them to pursue careers in pharmacy, biotechnology, biological sciences, and microsystems technology industries. The Microscience and Technology Studies program is also optional. In addition, the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences offers a Master of Science in Industrial Biotechnology. This one-year master's degree program provides students with the knowledge base and skills required to work in industrial biotechnology companies, including the pharmaceutical industry. Sheffield University - The Department of Animal and Plant Sciences is one of the largest in the UK and offers research opportunities in plant metabolism, plant developmental physiology, and animal regulatory physiology. The Department of Biomedical Sciences explores how biology is applied to medical problems. It provides research opportunities in cell differentiation, genetics, neuroscience, and molecular physiology.
Essex University - The Department of Biological Sciences offers supervised master's programs as well as purely research courses. The one-year guided master's degree in biotechnology is designed to provide the theoretical foundation and transfer experience of modern biotechnology. The department also offers master of philosophy and doctoral programs in biochemistry, microbiology, and immunology. Westminster - The School of Biological Sciences in London has 43 staff and more than 1,200 students. One-year guided master's programs include a Master of Science in Medical Biotechnology and a Master of Science in Microbiology. The school also offers master of philosophy and doctoral degree programs in biotechnology.
In addition, there are University of Warwick: Advanced Biomedical Engineering University of Aberdeen: Bioengineering University of Leeds: Medical Engineering and Biomechanics Aston University: Biomedical Engineering, etc.
Good universities in the UK mainly consider applicants from Three aspects; school, student's average score and English language score, so I suggest that some students who are studying must study hard, because the school determines whether it can admit you by evaluating your school and the average score of all courses.
In addition, it is well known that applications in the UK need to be applied one year in advance. Judging from the application speed this year, the school's acceptance speed is very fast. Currently (September 2006), I have a student from a 211 key university who has received a master's degree notification from UCL.
5. Announcement of the on-site seminar on environment, health and modern bioscience and technology of the Beijing Anatomical Society
2006-10-11 Number of reads: 213 times
Human body Anatomy is one of the important basic courses in medical education and an important content in biological sciences. In the observational research of life form science, the collection, preservation and observation research methods of biological specimens have a key influence on the development of the discipline.
For a long time, due to the limitations and influences of current biological specimen preservation technology, the working environment of anatomical scientists has often been seriously polluted by toxic and harmful chemicals such as formalin (formaldehyde). The majority of teachers and The physical and mental health of many students is seriously threatened, and it even affects the training of anatomy talents and the normal development of the discipline. Therefore, innovating technology, eliminating pollution, and building formaldehyde-free anatomy laboratories and showrooms have always been the long-cherished wish of anatomy workers.
In recent years, with the improvement of national economic strength, biological specimen plasticization and preservation technology and ventilation and refrigeration technology have become increasingly widely used in life morphology laboratories and showrooms. This provides bright prospects for the construction of "formaldehyde-free life form laboratory and showroom". In order to exchange the new experiences and new concepts of anatomy workers from various units of our society in preparing non-toxic biological morphological specimens and building low-pollution and non-polluting anatomy laboratories and showrooms, the Beijing Anatomical Society specially initiated the "Environment, Health and Academic and experience exchange seminar with the theme of "Modern Biotechnology".
1. Theme: Environment, health and modern biological science and technology
2. Content:
1. Title: Development of plastinated preservation technology of biological specimens and its application and impact at home and abroad
Speaker: Professor Yu Enhua, Department of Anatomical Histoembryology, Peking University School of Medicine
2. Title: New concepts, new equipment, new products and new experiences in building low-pollution, non-toxic anatomy laboratories and exhibition halls
Speaker:
(1) Beijing Sport University Professor Xu Gang, Department of Anatomy and Histology
(2) Professor Guo Shungen, Department of Anatomy and Histology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
(3) Professor Gao Xiulai, Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University
(4) Professor Zhou Changman, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center
3. Discussion: Ethical, legal and intellectual property issues that may be involved in the collection, production and use of biological anatomical specimens, especially human anatomical specimens (study and discussion in conjunction with relevant regulations of relevant ministries and commissions)
4. Introduction of new technologies and new products: Representatives of participating companies will introduce new technologies and new products.
5. Visit: Visit the Anatomy Teaching Laboratory and Anatomy Exhibition Hall of Peking University Health Science Center
3. Time: 9:00 am on October 20, 2006 (Friday)
4. Location: Conference Room on the 3rd floor of the Biochemistry Building (Basic Medical College), Peking University Health Science Center
5. Credits: 5 points
6. Telephone number and contact person:
67235034 (Liu Hongjie), 82802877 (Yu Enhua), 82801629 (Tang Junmin)
We hope that our colleagues, students and the general public will actively participate.
Please help the directors of each unit to count the number of participants and report to Liu Hongjie, Director of the Society Office, or Professor Tang Junmin before October 17.
6. Problems and countermeasures in the legal protection and management of biological genetic resources in China
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Author: Du Lili Source: China Environmental Law Network Publisher: Yiyun Category: Topic 9-Scientific Data and Network Date: 2006-10-08 Today/Total Views : 1/463
Abstract: With the rapid development of biotechnology, biological genetic resources, as an important strategic material for a country, not only play an important role in solving food, health and environmental problems, but also play an important role in solving food, health and environmental problems. It will generate huge economic value commercially and has become a "gold mining field" for the international community. This has triggered many legal issues related to biological genetic resources, and both the international community and our country have conducted extensive research on this issue. This article introduces the basic knowledge of genetic resources and analyzes the current situation of genetic resources in my country. It analyzes the existing problems in my country's current legal provisions on biological genetic resources and puts forward suggestions and countermeasures for improving the legal system of biological genetic resources in my country.
Keywords: intellectual property rights for benefit sharing of biological genetic resources
1. Overview of biological genetic resources
(1) Concept and scope of biological genetic resources
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According to the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity, "genetic resources" refer to materials with actual or potential value and genetic functions (genetic materials), including those from plants, animals (should include humans), and microorganisms. or any material from other sources containing functional units of heredity. Among them, animal and plant genetic resources refer to the animals and plants themselves and all somatic cells and reproductive cell lines; human genetic resources refer to the organs, tissues, cells, blood, preparations, and recombinant deoxygenated cells containing the human genome, genes and their products. Genetic materials such as ribonucleic acid (DNA) constructs and related information materials. 1
Biological genetic resources can be divided into broad and narrow senses. In a broad sense, "biological genetic resources" refer to species of animals, plants and microorganisms with actual economic value (including other values ??such as social, cultural, environmental, etc.) and classification units below species (subspecies, varieties, deformations, varieties). All biological genetic functional units (strains, types) and their genetic materials (including organs, tissues, cells, chromosomes, genes and DNA fragments, etc.). Traditionally, "biological genetic resources" in the narrow sense refer to the "germplasm resources" of cultivated crop varieties and domestic livestock, poultry, and fish varieties, mainly classification units below species, including plant germplasm resources and animal germplasm resources. . The biological genetic resources involved in this article are the concept of biological genetic resources in a broad sense.
(2) Characteristics of biological genetic resources
1. regional. There are many types of biological genetic resources, but they are not evenly distributed in geographical space. They have their own specific distribution areas in nature, and some genetic resources are even unique to one country or region. This has formed a problem in the preservation, acquisition and management of special resources. Enjoy world-class national and regional monopolies and strategic reserves.
2. Non-renewability.
Animals and plants in nature are greatly affected by the environment, and many of them have perished before people are fully aware of them. In addition, excessive deforestation, indiscriminate hunting and industrial pollution by modern humans have directly led to the loss of some biodiversity and the disappearance of species. Most of these damages are irreversible, reductive and regenerative.
3. Genetic resources have both tangible and intangible qualities. Tangibility refers to the specific genetic material - the carrier of genetic information, while intangibility refers to the genetic information abstracted from these specific genetic materials. At the same time, genetic resources have the characteristics of materiality and availability, which make them of considerable economic value. The intangibility and availability of genetic resources bring certain difficulties to their protection.
4. It is both ecological and technological. Biological genetic resources are an integral part of the ecosystem and play an important role in maintaining the stability and balance of the ecosystem. At the same time, the development and utilization of biological genetic resources requires developed biological science and technology as the basis. Therefore, biological science and technology is of decisive significance to the acquisition, development, utilization and enjoyment of genetic resources. It is precisely due to the imbalance of biotechnology levels in various countries that leads to unfair trading and resource allocation of biological genetic resources.
5. Commodity. As basic materials for scientific and technological innovation and economic development, biological genetic resources not only have use value, but also have value due to the integration of a certain amount of human labor in the handling and processing process. Therefore, under market economy conditions, biological genetic resources are commodities.
6． sociality. According to the provisions of our country’s Constitution, biological genetic resources are essentially natural resources and should be owned by the state or collectives. Therefore, when acquiring, utilizing and enjoying biological genetic resources, we should give full play to their properties as social public goods and create a legal environment for fair use.
(3) Current status of my country’s biological genetic resources
my country is one of the countries with the richest biological diversity in the world. The unique geography and landforms provide my country and the world with rich genetic resources. my country is one of the origin centers of seed plant flora on the earth, inheriting the flora components of the Tertiary Period in the north and the ancient Mediterranean and Paleo-Southern Continent; the animals have merged most species from the Palearctic and Oriental realms. 3 According to statistics, China has more than 30,000 species of higher plants, ranking third in the world after Brazil and Colombia. There are 6,347 species of vertebrates, all ranking among the highest in the world. At the same time, China is one of the eight crop origin centers in the world. During the long process of agricultural and animal husbandry development, China has cultivated and domesticated a large number of crops, fruit trees, poultry, livestock species and tens of thousands of varieties with excellent economic properties. China's biological genetic resources have made huge contributions to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, medicine and other aspects of the world.
However, my country's biological genetic resources are currently facing inestimable damage and loss. First of all, due to environmental pollution and damage caused by over-exploitation, the habitat of biological genetic resources has been severely damaged, and genetic resources have been seriously lost. Secondly, due to improper management and blind introduction of alien species, the survival of local species is seriously threatened. At the same time, the overuse of biological resources, illegal trade and smuggling have led to a serious decline in the number of some precious and endangered species, or even extinction. Coupled with the low level of biological science and technology in our country, the current level of protection and utilization of biological genetic resources is low and cannot meet the needs of breeding and production development. In addition, due to my country's current poor management of biological genetic resources and the incompleteness of relevant regulations and systems, a large amount of genetic resources have been lost. According to the relevant person in charge of the China Coordination Group Office for the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, my country's biological genetic resources The exact number of losses is difficult to estimate, but the ratio of introduction to output is approximately 1:10.
2. The practical necessity of legislation related to biological genetic resources in my country
Based on the characteristics of genetic resources and the current situation of biological genetic resources in my country, with the development of biotechnology, especially biogenetic engineering technology, With rapid development, the use of genetic resources to purposefully improve the traits and qualities of animals and plants provides attractive prospects for mankind to solve major issues in the 21st century such as food, health and environment.
At present, biological genetic resources have become an important foundation for biological scientific research and a strategic resource for human survival and sustainable social and economic development. Internationally, the possession of biological genetic resources has been regarded as one of the important indicators to measure a country's national strength. It is precisely because biological genetic resources have important social value and huge economic value that some developed countries that are not rich in biological genetic resources but have advanced biotechnology have illegally stolen my country's biological genetic resources. After being processed by their biotechnology , develop new medicines or crop varieties, apply for patent protection, and sell the results to developing countries in the form of patented technologies and patented products at high prices to obtain high profits.
In recent years, in economic and technological opening-up activities, a lot of genetic resources have actually been lost in various forms, many of which are organisms that contain traditional utilization knowledge and have actual and potential value. Many germplasm materials are scientific and technological achievements related to genetic germplasm that have not been intellectualized. For example: kiwi fruit, which originated in China 100 years ago, has now become a famous fruit exported to New Zealand to earn foreign exchange; in the past few decades, China has also suffered a serious loss of soybean variety resources, and the United States has collected all the soybean varieties in most parts of northern China. Soybean germplasm resources eventually transformed China from the world's largest soybean exporter to the largest soybean importer; the loss of China's precious flower and plant resources was also very serious. From 1979 to 1980, Guangxi Golden Camellia, a national first-level protected product, was leaked out. Japan, the United States, and Australia; another example is that 90% of the Peking ducks on the Beijing market are the British variety "Cherry Valley", and "Cherry Valley" is the offspring of the traditional Chinese "Peking duck" hybridized abroad4... There are many excellent varieties in China After resources were stolen by foreign countries and turned into new varieties through breeding and biotechnological processing, China had to bring them back at a high price, resulting in heavy losses.
It can be seen that genetic resources, as the most precious natural resources of a country, are strategic resources for human survival and sustainable social and economic development, and are also a concrete manifestation of biological diversity. However, with the continuous reduction of animal and plant species resources and the rapid development of biotechnology, people's demand for genetic resources continues to increase, and genetic resources have gradually transformed from public goods to scarce goods. At the same time, due to differences in economic levels, biotechnology and genetic resource possessions, the competition for genetic resource interests between developed and developing countries has become increasingly fierce. Therefore, our country must formulate an appropriate genetic resources protection system as soon as possible so that our country's rich genetic resources can be fully protected and rationally developed and utilized to achieve the best interests of the country, citizens and society.
3. Current status and problems of legal protection and management of biological genetic resources in my country
Currently, my country has formulated a series of laws, regulations, rules and regulations related to the protection and management of biological genetic resources. regulations. Articles 9 and 26 of our country's Constitution respectively stipulate that the state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects precious animals and plants; prohibits any organization or individual from using any means to appropriate or destroy natural resources; and also adds destruction of environmental resources to the criminal law crime. In addition, some of the major laws related to the protection of biological genetic resources formulated by our country include: Environmental Protection Law, Marine Environmental Protection Law, Forest Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Wildlife Protection Law", "Soil and Water Protection Law", "Seed Law", etc. In order to effectively implement these laws, more than 20 administrative regulations have been formulated, such as the Regulations on Nature Reserves, the Regulations on the Protection of Wild Plants, and the Regulations on the Management of Breeding Livestock and Poultry. Various local departments have also formulated relevant departmental rules and local regulations, such as the "List of Rare and Endangered Protected Plants", "List of Improved Forest Breeds", "Implementation Regulations for Terrestrial Wildlife Protection", etc. The promulgation and implementation of the above regulations have played an important role in promoting the collection, preservation, exchange and utilization of genetic resources in my country.
However, at the same time, my country's legislation and management system related to biological genetic resources are still imperfect, and there are many problems:
First, my country currently lacks a sound system for the protection and management of biological genetic resources. regulatory system.
As mentioned above, although our country has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations related to the protection and management of biological genetic resources, these regulations are far from complete in terms of legislation and law enforcement.
1. There is a lack of specific laws and regulations for the protection and management of genetic resources.
The existing regulations on the management of genetic resources are incidental to other laws and regulations. The content is very incomplete and not specific, especially in terms of the acquisition of genetic resources, benefit sharing and the patent system. It is a blank, which makes many foreign companies who want to obtain biological genetic resources through legal channels feel at a loss. However, some foreign companies steal my country's genetic resources for free through cooperative research or joint establishment of databases.
Even the existing legal provisions have many loopholes in the protection and management of biological genetic resources: in terms of protection and management objects, most of them focus on the management of crop resources, while for fisheries and microorganisms , domestic animals and plants and economic animals and plants are rarely involved, or even almost blank; in terms of management content, the focus is on the market operation and management of animal and plant resources, while for the control of the entry and exit management of biological genetic resources, international and inter-country genetic resources There are no resource acquisition procedures and benefit-sharing mechanisms