For thousands of years, the hard-working Bashu people not only created agricultural science and technology culture, but also invented silkworm raising and silk spinning, making Bashu the source of silk in our country. According to legend, in ancient times, Leizu, the concubine of the Yellow Emperor who was born in the salt pavilion of Bashu, first taught the people to raise silkworms, make silk, and weave silk. Because of his enduring achievements, he was regarded as the "Silkworm God" and the "Silk Saint" throughout the ages and was worshiped. It is "the first silkworm". He can be called a great scientific inventor in ancient times.
Sichuan silk is famous far and wide. For more than a thousand years from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chengdu's silk weaving industry was very prosperous. It was one of the main bases of silk production in the country and the trade center of southwest silk. Today, mulberry planting and sericulture are spread across more than 160 counties in the province. The annual cocoon production ranks first in the country, and the raw silk export volume ranks first in the country. From the history of the development of Shu brocade, we know that silk originated in Shu, as stated in "Records of Scenic Spots in Sichuan": "Chengdu is a country with ancient silkworms, and its people attach great importance to silkworms, so during the first year of the year, they look at the sun in February and chant Flower and tree silkworm utensils, known as Silkworm Market. The sericulture industry in the ancient Shu Kingdom was very prosperous. As early as before the Han Dynasty, Shu brocade was weaved. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shu brocade was the most popular. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wen Weng was in charge of Shu and he tried his best to promote mulberry planting. Silkworms provide a rich source of silk for weaving Shu brocade. From the preface written by Zhao Rui, we can know the historical fact that he expanded and repaired the original Leixuan Palace, the hometown of ancestor Lei ancestor of silkworms. It was not until the Six Dynasties that it spread north to the Central Plains and became the best in the world. . During the Three Kingdoms period, Prime Minister Zhuge also said that he had 800 mulberry trees in his family, which reflected that the sericulture industry in Shu was very popular at that time, so there was a saying that "there was no brocade in Jiangdong, but Chengdu was unique." Therefore, during the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Ze's city was in Shu, and Wu also owned the Western Road. This situation has existed since the beginning" (Shan Qian's "Danyang Ji"), which shows that Shu Brocade has become the main financial source of the Shu Han regime, so Zhuge Liang also said: " Nowadays, the people are poor and the country is weak, and the only way to defeat the enemy is to rely on Jin Er. "Sichuan brocade is not only a patented product of the Shu Kingdom, but also has unique characteristics and superior skills. Zuo Si of the Jin Dynasty was full of praise for Sichuan brocade: "A hundred miles away from the house, the persimmons are harmonious, the shell brocade is completed, and the river waves are colored. "("Ode to the Capital of Shu") Brocade is a silk fabric with smooth texture, exquisite patterns and magnificent colors. It requires multiple processes such as reeling, spinning and weaving, and the weaving tools used are also relatively complex. From the Chengdu Plain In the unearthed portrait bricks of the Han Dynasty, you can see the relatively advanced twill loom, which is at least 700 years earlier than Europe. It can be seen that the Bashu people have long been able to weave silk into exquisite Shu brocade, and gradually developed it into a silk loom. Handicrafts that are famous both at home and abroad.
As the source of sericulture, the silk produced in Yanting, the hometown of Lei Zu, is also famous throughout the country. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the county's specialty "Exi Silk" was known for its tight and well-proportioned pattern structure. With clear layers and exquisite craftsmanship, it was highly praised and listed as a tribute to the imperial court. In the Song Dynasty, literati and poets even regarded it as a fine product for writing poems and paintings. The writer and painter Wen Tong praised it: "I will sweep a piece of Exi silk. Take the cold shoots ten thousand feet long. "The great writer Su Dongpo also wrote in a poem: "For the love of the white cocoon light of the goose stream, the purple light shines away from the remaining chickens. "Many towns and cities in Leizu's Holy Land have become silk distribution centers, and the "Xili Silk" (the local pronunciation of "Xiling Silk") produced was sold to Nanchong, Chengdu and other places, which became a good story for a while; from the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China , and even more so, "Reeling and weaving silk is more impressive than the sound of rolling machines..." ("Yanting County Chronicle"). Today, there are still famous silk products such as Yanting Exi silk and Sichuan silk that are comparable to Shu brocade. The continuous development of the silk industry in Yanting shows the profound influence of the ancestors of silkworms. From this point of view, the origin of silk is indeed Bashu. With the development of silk culture research in Yanting, the origin of silk will also be revealed. The theory of Shu and the rise of the Southern Silk Road provide more physical evidence.
3. Works summarizing agricultural production technology produced in Sichuan during the Qing Dynasty
Most of the comprehensive agricultural books that made scientific summaries were lost in the Tang Dynasty, and only one "Four Seasons Compendium" in the form of a monthly order remained.
In the Yuan Dynasty, writing agricultural books became a common practice. In the Qing Dynasty, four books summarizing agricultural production technology were produced in Sichuan: "Agricultural Books" can be summarized into five parts: first, seed selection; Raising and sowing seeds; the second is the method of farming, emphasizing the need for deep plowing at first and the desire for shallow plowing later; the third is the method of manure and soil, emphasizing the matter of farming, "manure and soil are urgent"; the fourth is water conservancy, emphasizing water conservancy. , personnel matters come first; fifth is the method of herding cattle, emphasizing that cattle should be fed properly. This book is a professional work of great academic value and practical significance. It not only inherits my country's ancient experience in agricultural production technology, but also has new developments combined with the characteristics of Sichuan's agricultural production.
The second part is "Nongshi Shuo" written by Kan Changyan, the magistrate of Deyang County during the Qianlong reign. The whole book is divided into three parts: the first is "According to the timing of heaven"; the second is "Using the power of the earth"; the third is "Using the power of man". This book is an agricultural work with important scientific and technological value. The book The methods proposed in the book, such as water storage in Qiuke and increasing fertility, are all effective methods summarized based on the agricultural climate and farming characteristics of Sichuan, and have important guiding significance for agricultural production.
The third part is Qianlong Sichuan. "Three Rong Ji" written by Zhang Zongfa of Shifang Buyi is a book with important scientific value. It has more than 300,000 words and is useful for important issues in agricultural production such as field cultivation, rice field management, harvesting and seed saving, and no-till sowing. What's more valuable is that a large amount of the content in the book is indeed a summary of Sichuan farmers' agricultural production experience, and some of it has been passed down to this day and is still a good practice.
The fourth book is "Sericulture Theory" by Shen Qian, the magistrate of Luojiang County, Qianlong. This is a scientific work dedicated to mulberry planting and sericulture. This book has both theoretical significance and practical value. It not only promoted the recovery and development of Sichuan's sericulture industry at that time. The development has played an important role, and it still retains its reference significance today.
4. The main achievements of astronomy and geography?
Astronomy occupies a unique position among all sciences and is of great significance to the development of science. Human production activities are of great significance. Chinese astronomers have made significant contributions to the establishment and development of astronomy, among which the Bashu astronomer Luo Xia Hong made a very outstanding contribution. ?
Luo Xia Hong (circa BC). 156-87 BC), a famous folk astronomer in the Western Han Dynasty of China, who was born in Langzhong, Bashu (now Langzhong, Sichuan). During the Yuanfeng period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (110-104 BC), in order to reform the calendar, he recruited national literature. After repeated discussions, Luo Xia Hong came to the capital Chang'an on the recommendation of his fellow villager Qiao Long. After repeated discussions, Luo Xia Hong decided to adopt the reform plan. A new calendar was formulated in 104 BC. The new calendar already had contents such as the new qi, the leap method, the five stars, and the eclipse cycle.
It was the first time that the month without a qi was regarded as a leap month. The principle and the concept of eclipse weeks in which there are 23 eclipse seasons among the 135 lunar months, and a method for calculating the positions of the five stars were established, setting an example for later calendars. The new calendar is superior to the other 17 calendars proposed at the same time. Emperor Wu decided to adopt the new calendar and officially promulgated it in the seventh year of Difeng (104 BC), and changed the seventh year of Yuanfeng to the first year of Taichu. The new calendar was therefore called the Taichu calendar. The Taichu calendar was the first relatively complete calendar in the history of our country. , a systematic calendar with epoch-making significance. Luo Xiahong was one of the founders of the Huntian Theory.
His improved equatorial armillary sphere was used in China for two thousand years. The degree (right ascension difference) was not measured again until the 13th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 725), when Luo Xiahong proposed the eclipse cycle for the first time, taking 135 months as the "meeting of synodic periods", that is, It is believed that 23 solar eclipses should occur in 11 years. Because of Luo Xiahong's outstanding contributions, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked him to serve as an advisor. However, he refused and returned to the people.
Yang Xiong was an outstanding all-rounder in ancient Bashu. He was a writer, philosopher, linguist, and an outstanding astronomer.
In classical literature, he was the first to mention "Huntian" in "Fayan" and refute the old theory of covering the sky. He expounded the more scientific theory of Huntian, which played a certain role in the development of ancient astronomy.
Astronomical research in Sichuan during the Song Dynasty was also at the forefront, represented by Zhang Sixun and Huang Shang.
Zhang Sixun, a native of Bazhong in the early Song Dynasty, was a famous astronomer in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the first month of the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo's reign (979), he presented the armillary sphere he designed to Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty. Emperor Taizong ordered craftsmen to build it in the palace. It took more than a year to complete it, and he was appointed as the Prime Minister of Sitian Armillary Sphere. His important contribution to astronomy was the major innovation of the Huntian. In terms of power, in the past, "water was used for operation", so that in winter, "the freezing was slow and astringent, so it was sparse, and the cold and heat were inaccurate." He switched to "mercury instead, and there was no difference." Because mercury has strong cohesion, it is neither easy to solidify nor volatilize under normal temperature conditions, and can maintain a stable liquid state. Using mercury to replace water as the power of the armillary sphere ensures that the armillary sphere can operate normally all year round. The accuracy of telling time, determining solar terms, and making calendars provides scientific guarantee. He also reformed the armillary sphere's mechanical timepiece, with the escapement commanding the automatic timekeeping, increasing the number of wooden men beating bells and drums from 2 to 12, and separating the timekeeping and bell-beating drums into two systems, namely: "Seven To watch the gods, they ring the bell on the left, clasp the bell on the right, and beat the drum with their mouths to mark a certain number. Every day and night, the cycle starts again. The wood is used as the twelve gods, each of which is worth a time. The number of seconds is used to determine the length of day and night. "It is therefore "particularly sophisticated" compared with previous timers. This served as a link between the past and the future, laying the foundation for the creation of the most outstanding armillary sphere in ancient my country, the "Su Song Armillary Sphere".
Huang Shang (1146-1194), whose courtesy name was Uncle Wen and whose nickname was Jianshan. A native of Pucheng, Longqing Prefecture (now Jiange, Sichuan). In the first year of Shaoxi (1190), he drew 8 pictures including "Astronomical Map" and "Geographic Map". In 1247, Wang Zhiyuan was responsible for copying the "Astronomical Map" and "Geographical Map" on the stone tablet of the Suzhou Confucian Temple (now in the Suzhou Municipal Museum). Huang Shang's "Astronomical Map" is the most accurate ancient star map discovered today, with a total height of 267 cm and a width of 116 cm. The picture is divided into two parts. The upper part is a star chart with 1440 stars. It is centered on the North Pole and is painted with three concentric circles, representing the North Pole's ever-present circle, the Antarctic's ever-present circle and the equator. Twenty-eight radial lines represent the twenty-eight celestial distances, as well as the ecliptic and the Milky Way. The lower half of the picture is explanatory text, with 41 lines and 51 words in each line, which briefly describes the astronomical knowledge of the Song Dynasty. This picture is highly valued by scientists around the world and has been translated into English, French, German, Japanese, Russian and other languages.
In terms of geoscience, Huang Shang also wrote "Geographical Map" (now in the Suzhou Museum), which is about 100 cm wide and 200 cm long. It was carved in 1247 and Wang Zhiyuan wrote the postscript for it. The mountains and forests on the map are drawn with images, which is quite three-dimensional and artistic. The place names are in Yin characters with a square frame, the water names are in Yin characters with a round frame, and the names of the roads are in Yang characters. They are clear and easy to distinguish. It is a better map of the Song Dynasty. .
Another famous map, "Nine Regions Guarding Map", was carved on a stele in the third year of Xuanhe (1121) and erected in the main hall of the Confucian Temple in Rong County, Sichuan Province (the original stele is now in the Sichuan Provincial Museum) . The picture is more than 1 meter long and wide, depicting the entire territory of the Song Dynasty and all state capitals. The shapes of the Shandong Peninsula and Hainan Island in the map are more accurate than those in the Huang Shang map, and the water system in the Sichuan area is drawn in more detail. Its author is unknown. The lower part of the stele in the picture is engraved with text, but most of it has been weathered and peeled off.
The above two maps, as well as the "Huayi Map" and "Yu Traces Map" currently in the Forest of Steles in Xi'an, are all Song Dynasty maps that have been preserved to this day and are of great value for the study of ancient geosciences in my country. ?
5. The main achievements of medicine
In ancient times, Sichuan made great contributions to medicine, and some outstanding figures emerged one after another.
Famous medical doctors in the Han Dynasty include Fu Weng, Cheng Gao, Guo Yu, Li Zhu, etc. in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fu Weng often fished in Fu River, so he was named Fu Weng. He was good at using acupuncture stones to treat diseases, and wrote "Acupuncture Classic" and "Pulse Diagnosis Method" which were passed down to the world. Guo Yu, whose courtesy name was Tongzhi, was from Luoxian County, Guanghan (now Guanghan) ("Huayang Guozhi" said he was from Xindu).
Cheng Gao, a disciple of Fu Weng under his tutelage, was proficient in pulse theory, "skilled in using needles," and wrote "Song of Jing Fang Shuo". During the reign of Emperor He, he served as the Imperial Physician. Emperor He once ordered those who cut the beautiful wrists of ministers to be mixed with women in the curtains, and then used Guo Yu checked the pulse. Guo Yu replied: "There is yang on the left and yin on the right. The pulses are male and female, and they look like strangers. I wonder why. Emperor He admired his superb pulse diagnosis skills. Guo Yu was "benevolent and unreserved. Even though he was poor and rich, he would do his best to support his family." He was unwilling to treat the noble man, saying that the noble man was arrogant and willful, careless about his body, and his joints were damaged. He was not strong and was indolent, which made it very difficult for doctors to treat diseases. Li Zhu, courtesy name Wengjun, was from Fu County, Guanghan (now Mianyang). He was proficient in medical skills and was named Qi Guoyu. He also wrote the book "Song of Jingfang". . ?
During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Zan Yin, Han Baozhen, Chen Shiliang and others made the greatest achievements.
Zan Yin, a native of Shu, was a famous obstetrician and gynecologist in the late Tang Dynasty. Because Bai Minzhong's family treatment was effective during Jiedu in Xichuan, he listened to Bai Min's suggestion and wrote his medical experience into three volumes of "Jingxiao Shengbao", which is divided into 40 chapters and contains 276 prescriptions. When using tocolytic and hemostatic drugs, attention should be paid to maintaining the mother's energy during labor. During difficult labor, "medicines should be used internally and used externally". The second volume discusses the prescriptions for postpartum fatigue, cough, dysentery and other symptoms. The "Vinegar and Iron Fumigation Method" contained in "Recipe" is an effective method for first aid in shock, and has been widely used clinically by doctors throughout the history. This book is the earliest obstetrics and gynecology monograph in my country and established the foundation for medical scientists after the Tang Dynasty. It was said to be adopted and soon spread to Japan, which attracted the attention of the Japanese medical community.
In the early Tang Dynasty, more than 20 people including Su Jing revised 54 volumes of "New Materia Medica", which contained 844 kinds of medicines. , made an appropriate description and description of the form and properties of drugs, which has a high academic level and scientific value. Later, with the prosperity of the economy and the economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, new drugs increased again, in order to adapt to the medical field. According to the needs of later Shu, Han Baozhen and Chen Shiliang successively made supplements to "New Materia Medica".
Han Baosheng, a scholar of Hanlin in Later Shu, was ordered by Meng Chang, the Lord of Shu, to compile "Chongguang Yinggong Materia Medica" with other doctors. "20 volumes, later referred to as "Shu Materia Medica". This book provides a relatively accurate explanation and description of the name, origin, shape, characteristics, and functions of each medicine. It is also divided into illustrated books for easy identification, and contains several prescriptions. , which can be used as a medical reference. It is one of the main blueprints for the "Jiayou's Supplementary Commentary on Shennong's Materia Medica" and "Revisiting Zhenghe's Materia Medica" later revised by the Northern Song Dynasty government. Unfortunately, it has been lost and is only preserved in "Revisiting Zhenghe's Materia Medica". Chen Shiliang, a native of Jianzhou, was a deputy captain of Peirong in the Southern Tang Dynasty and a medical assistant. He specialized in adjusting diet and understood the nature, taste and function of various medicinal foods. He wrote "Food Properties and Materia Medica". " 10 volumes. This book contains various edible medicines and products, as well as dietary remedies and techniques for nourishing the internal organs in the four seasons. Li Shizhen, a famous medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, said that this book is based on the summary of "Shen Nong's Materia Medica". It refers to the experiences of Tao Yinju, Su Gong, Meng Xian, Chen Zangyong and others regarding diet and health care, as well as the discussions about diet and health care in the "Food Classic" and "The Heart of Food and Medicine" by Huainan Wang, Cui Hao and Zhu Xuan. It was written and has high scientific value. This book was widely circulated before the Ming Dynasty and was later lost, but some of its contents are still recorded in "Revisiting Zhenghe Zhenglei Materia Medica"
Literary scholar Li. Wang Xun was also a pharmacologist. His ancestors were Persians and engaged in the Tibetan medicine trade, so he was familiar with foreign medicines and wrote six volumes of "Haiyao Materia Medica" (also known as "Southern Medicine Materia Medica"). This book has also been lost and is now scattered in Tang Shenwei's "Zhenglei Materia Medica" and Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica". There are still 121 flavors from more than 20 countries and regions in Europe, Asia and Africa. It can still be seen from these existing anecdotes that "Haiyao Materia Medica" clearly explains the origin, shape, medicinal properties, functions of these overseas drugs, as well as the authenticity and processing methods, enriching the content of the motherland's medicine. Promoted the development of ancient medicine.
Science and technology were highly developed in Sichuan during the Song Dynasty, and medicine was no exception. There are countless masters of Xinglin, and there are numerous medical writings. Among them, Su Shi, Tang Shenwei, Yang Tianhui, Yang Tuixiu, Shi Chen, Shi Song and others are the most prominent.
Su Shi was proficient in medical science and wrote miscellaneous medical treatises and medical prescriptions. Later generations merged part of it with "Cunzhong Liangfang" written by Shen Kuo, and it became "Su Chen Liangfang" (a "Su Chen Nei Fang"). Han Liangfang"). This is a relatively complete monograph on traditional Chinese medicine. People in the Qing Dynasty commented: "This book is a collection of prescriptions with classic effects in the hands of a man who is well-versed in physics. It should be beyond the reach of others." Su Shi also researched on health preservation and wrote many articles. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Wang Ruxi compiled more than 1,140 articles on health preservation in Su Shi's works, divided them into 12 volumes, and compiled them into "Dongpo Health Preservation Collection". Its main argument for health preservation is that "those who are good at maintaining health can make them able to relax and work." It emphasizes that if people want to be healthy and long, they must be able to work and rest, and combine work and rest.
Tang Shenwei, courtesy name Shenyuan, was born in Jinyuan, Shuzhou (now Chongqing, Sichuan) and was a famous doctor in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was proficient in medical science and drug research. With many years of hard work, he compiled the pharmaceutical masterpiece "Jingshi Zheng Lei Materia Medica" (referred to as "Zheng Lei Materia Medica") between the fifth and sixth years of Yuanfeng of Song Shenzong (1082-1083). 》)Volume 22. The first edition was reprinted by the Northern Song Dynasty Government. In the second year of Emperor Huizong's reign (1108), experts were organized to revise the book, and it was named "Daguan Jing, Shi Zheng, Urgent Materia Medica" (referred to as "Daguan Materia Medica") in 32 volumes, which was published by the official edition and distributed throughout the country. In the sixth year of Zhenghe (1116), it was revised and renamed "Zhenghe Newly Revised Classics, History and Evidence" (referred to as "Zhenghe Materia Medica"), and the official version was published. The existing "Zhenghe Materia Medica" is divided into 30 volumes and contains more than 600,000 words. The total number of medicines contained in "Zheng Lei Materia Medica" has greatly exceeded that of previous generations of Materia Medica, reaching 1,588 types, of which 476 are new. It is an eclectic and comprehensive collection of drug knowledge such as drug form, authenticity, preparation and specific usage, which has enabled our country's Materia Medica to reach the scale of pharmacology. When Tang Shenwei compiled this book, he also created the writing method of "comparison of prescriptions and medicines". He compiled more than 3,000 prescriptions from famous doctors in the past, single prescriptions and prescriptions commonly used by doctors and folk, as well as his own clinically proven and effective prescriptions, and recorded them separately. Enter the related drug items so that scholars can understand the uses and usage of drugs at a glance. Since then, most medicinal books have followed this style. "Zhenglei Materia Medica" is a comprehensive collection of materia medica before the Song Dynasty in my country. Li Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty commented: "Zheng Lei Materia Medica" "has contributed to the fact that various herbal medicines and various medicinal prescriptions have been preserved through the ages." For hundreds of years before the publication of "Compendium of Materia Medica" written by Li Shizhen, "Zhenglei Materia Medica" has been the model of materia medica.
Yang Tianhui, whose courtesy name was Youfu, also known as Huiguang, and also named Yang Ji, was a native of Zhixian County (now Santai, Sichuan) in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Yuanfeng period of Shenzong, he became a Jinshi and worked as a minor official in Sichuan. Huizong wrote a letter to express his opinions, and later joined the "Yuanyou Party". After being dismissed from office in July of the third year of Chongning (1104), he lived in Pixian County. When Zhezong was appointed magistrate of Zhangming County (now Jiangyou, Sichuan) in the second year of Yuanfu (1099), he conducted an on-the-spot investigation of the local aconite production and wrote "The Notes of Zhangming Fuzi", which recorded the cultivation area of ??aconite, a specialty drug of Zhangming. , yield, cultivation methods, growth and harvest conditions, varieties and texture differences, etc. It is an important data for the study of medicinal materials produced in Sichuan and an important historical document for the study of the history of traditional Chinese medicine.
Yang Tuixiu, also known as Kanghou and Zijian, was born in Qingshen, Meizhou (now Qingshen, Sichuan) in the Northern Song Dynasty. He studied medical skills intensively and wrote books such as "Ten Production Theory", "Yang Zi's Prescriptions for Protecting Life", and "Theory of Theosophy". "Ten Pregnancies" was written during the Yuanfu period (1098-1100). It focused on a detailed discussion of "abnormal births". It also described various surgical techniques on how to correct the fetal position, and discussed normal births, injured births, There are 11 problems including induced labor, frozen labor, hot labor, transverse labor, induced labor, partial labor, obstructed labor, sitting labor, transenteric labor, etc. In the history of obstetrics and gynecology, "Treatise on Ten Parts and Pregnancies" is the first detailed monograph on midwifery in my country.
Shi Chen, courtesy name Zaizhi, was a native of Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was skilled in medicine and authored two volumes of "Guanzhi Prescription" (also known as "Shi Zaizhi Prescription"). There are 31 categories of prescriptions in total, each of which has a medical treatise, and the prescriptions have been recorded for 107 years. This book has a lot to say about the theories of blood stasis and phlegm, and is especially valued by today's researchers. ?
Shi Song was born in Chengdu at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. He is the author of 24 volumes of "Collected Annotations of Huangdi Su Wen Lingshu", which systematically organized the "Nei Jing".
6. What is the content and influence of comprehensive scientific and technological works?
In ancient times, Bashu was home to outstanding people, with an endless stream of scientists, covering a wide range of fields, and many miscellaneous scholars. Duan Chengzuo and Ma Jian in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, as well as Su Yijian and Li Shi in the Song Dynasty, wrote relatively influential comprehensive scientific and technological works, which played a positive role in promoting the prosperity of ancient culture.
Duan Chengshi, courtesy name Kegu, waited for his father to enter Shu when Duan Wenchang was serving as the Jiedushi of Jiannan and Xichuan. He wrote "Records of Duan's Travels to Shu" and "Jinli News", which are now lost. He wrote 20 volumes of "Youyang Zazu" and 20 episodes of "Sequel", which have been handed down. This book covers a large amount of scientific knowledge about astronomy, physics, machinery, engineering and architecture, mineralogy, medicine, zoology, botany, agriculture, etc. The content far exceeds previous similar monographs and is equivalent to a rough-scale encyclopedia. , "When analyzing chapters on physics, wonders of tools, art, and Guangdong, there are those who have knowledge that has never been achieved by previous philosophers." To this day, it is still valued by Chinese and foreign scholars and is regarded as a standing material for studying ancient Chinese science and technology. ?
Ma Jian, the magistrate of Shehong County in Zizhou Prefecture of Later Shu, compiled the book "Continuation of Things" in 960 AD. It recorded 358 items. In addition to recording production, life, and scientific instruments, it also There are extensive records of the invention and creation of military weapons and their use in war. Production involves agriculture, water conservancy, handicrafts, construction, transportation and other aspects. In terms of daily life, the descriptions of food, clothing, use and play are relatively complete. The records of the military industry are particularly detailed. In land warfare, there are knives, guns, arrows, halberds, earthen mountains, and stone carts; in water warfare, there are boats and jigs; in ambush, there are iron water chestnuts and pass-through bridges; in siege, there are ladders, rams, and well railings. , pointed wood, vertical walls, and tunnels; the city guards were equipped with rockets, pheasant tail torches, and stone mills connected with ropes. These materials are also of considerable reference value for studying the history of science and technology in China. ?
Su Yijian (958-996), a native of Tongshan, Zizhou (now Guangfu, Zhongjiang, Sichuan) in the Northern Song Dynasty, authored 5 volumes of "Four Pus of the Study" (also known as "The Four Pus of the Study") , including 2 volumes of calligraphy and 1 volume each of inkstone, ink and paper. Imitate the style of Ouyang Xun's "Art and Literature Collection" and create a writing method of one thing and one score. The book is quite detailed and comprehensive. It comprehensively and systematically compiles the history and manufacturing technology experience of the production and development of pens, inkstones, inks, and paper in my country. It also introduces a large amount of natural science knowledge. It is a very valuable book. scientific monographs. It has played a positive role in promoting the development of my country's pen, inkstone, ink, and paper production and promoting the prosperity of my country's culture.
Li Shi, born in 1108, was a native of Zizhou (now Zizhong, Sichuan). In the early Southern Song Dynasty, he compiled 10 volumes of "Continued Natural History". This book is intended to make up for the shortcomings of Zhang Hua's "Natural History", and summarizes and organizes the scientific knowledge at that time, introducing 436 items of science and technology from ancient times to the Northern Song Dynasty, including geography, agronomy, animals, plants, minerals, chemistry , construction, machinery, smelting, mathematics, weights and measures, currency, wine making, salt boiling, paper making, tea making, food processing, handicrafts, powder making and rouge making, medicine and health, human physiology, stationery, scientific monographs, etc. It also introduces various aspects such as writing, cultural relics, archeology, music, Go, sports, allusions, etc. It greatly exceeds "Natural History" in terms of breadth and depth of content, and is one of the richest collections of scientific and technological knowledge in ancient my country. ?
7. The four stages of the development of modern Sichuan science and technology?
Sichuan’s modern science and technology has experienced four stages of germination, foundation, formation and development:?
(1) The early 20th century to the 1940s was the budding period of modern science and technology in Sichuan. ?
After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Sichuan Province had, in addition to the Western China Academy of Sciences founded by the famous industrialist Lu Zuofu in Beibei, the Sichuan Geology and Minerals Investigation Committee established by the provincial government, the Sichuan Central Industrial Laboratory, Sichuan University and major institutes of technology. Outside the school, there are also units such as the Academia Sinica under the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the National Government, which have also moved to Sichuan. The increase in scientific research institutions and industrial and mining enterprises has greatly promoted Sichuan's natural science research and industrial technology progress.
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After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of the socialist economy provided impetus and created conditions for science and technology, and Sichuan's science and technology industry developed forward on the road of socialism.
(2) The 1950s was the period when Sichuan’s modern science and technology laid the foundation. ?
In the early days of the liberation of Sichuan, the Communist Party of China and the People's Government took over a very small number of scientific research institutions left over from the Kuomintang rule, and based on the needs of restoring production and developing the national economy, they took over the Several independent scientific research institutions were merged or separated from the scientific research institutions. Since then, the scientific research undertakings in Sichuan Province have begun to recover and develop. During this period, a number of scientific research institutions were established one after another. By the beginning of 1957, there were 37 independent scientific research institutions in the province, 16 of which belonged to central departments. From 1950 to 1957, Sichuan's scientific and technological work was mainly carried out in combination with agricultural production, resource census, and the reform and construction of industrial transportation. The Three Kingdoms, the Two Jins, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were stages of division of feudal countries and great integration of nationalities.
For military and economic needs, Cao Wei successively dug or renovated many ditches and weirs. In today's Hebei area, from south to north, there are Baigou, Licao Canal, Pinglu Canal, Quanzhou Canal, Xinhe, Fulingyu (è'e), Chexican Canal, etc. In today's Henan area, there are Suiyang Canal, Toulu Canal, Jiahou Canal, etc. There are many other large and small Piyans, and many local officials also attach great importance to agricultural production and water conservancy construction.
Cao Wei’s farmland policy and the development of water conservancy not only solved his military food problem, but also played a vital role in the restoration of social order in the Central Plains region that had been damaged by long-term wars, and in the restoration and development of agricultural production. significant role.
Economy The Shuhan region was less damaged by the war. After Liu Bei entered Shu, he implemented a policy to win over the local landlord class, returned their fields and houses, and encouraged the development of agricultural production. At this time, handicraft industry and commerce also developed due to recovery. The most famous handicraft industry is brocade weaving. "Danyang Ji" says: "Wei was the city of Shu, and Wu also owned the western road." ② It can be seen that Shu brocade is loved by dignitaries from all over the world.
Economy and Overseas Transportation The Wu region was relatively stable during the Yellow Turban Uprising. The northern population migrated southward, bringing advanced agricultural production technology with them. Wu also organized farming in many counties and counties, promoting the development of agricultural production. Wu's handicrafts include making bronze mirrors and celadon ware. Sericulture can produce eight generations of silkworms in a year, all of which can produce cocoons and spin silk.
Wu's commerce is more developed, waterway transportation is developed, and there are a large number of ships traveling on inland rivers and seas. Shipbuilding experience and technology at that time had made great progress. The sea-going ships are all very strong. The large ships are more than twenty feet long, two or three feet above the water. They look like pavilions from a distance. They can carry six to seven hundred people and carry more than ten thousand hu of cargo. With four sails, the sails can be adjusted according to the wind and can go against the wind. The giant ships that sailed to the Qin Dynasty had seven sails. ①Envoys or merchants from Qin often came to Wu. There were also regular ship exchanges between the State of Wu and the State of Japan (today's Japan). In 230 AD (the second year of Wu Huanglong), Sun Quan sent generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to sail to Yizhou (today's Taiwan) with tens of thousands of soldiers. This is the earliest record of mainlanders coming to Taiwan in ancient Chinese documents. In 242 AD (the fifth year of Chiwu), Sun Quan sent General Nie You and others with 30,000 soldiers to Zhuya (now Xuwen, Guangdong) and Dan'er (now Danxian, Hainan Province). This was a large-scale maritime voyage. .