Definition of words
The meaning of a word
robot
Noun, noun
1. robot; Automatic control device; Remote control equipment/device
2. A robot, working like a machine
Honda asimo robot
It is the product of advanced comprehensive cybernetics, mechatronics, computers, materials and bionics. It has important applications in industry, medicine, agriculture, architecture and even military affairs.
The concept of robot has gradually approached the same in the world. Generally speaking, people can accept that robots are machines that realize various functions by their own power and control ability. The United Nations Organization for Standardization adopted the definition of robot given by the American Robotics Association: "Programmable multifunctional manipulator; Or a special system that performs different tasks through computer changes and programmable actions. " It can bring a lot of convenience to mankind!
Robot, formerly robo, means slave, that is, servant of human beings. Words created by writer Robert.
ingredient
Robots are generally composed of actuators, driving devices, detection devices, control systems and complex machinery.
actuating mechanism
Robot high-tech products (18 sheets)
That is, the robot body, its arm generally adopts a spatial open-chain linkage mechanism, in which the motion pairs (rotating pairs or moving pairs) are often called joints, and the number of joints is usually the degree of freedom of the robot. According to the different joint configurations and motion coordinate forms, robot actuators can be divided into rectangular coordinate type, cylindrical coordinate type, polar coordinate type and joint coordinate type. For anthropomorphic purposes, the relevant parts of the robot body are often called base, waist, arm, wrist, hand (paw or end effector) and walking part (for mobile robot) respectively.
driving gear
It is a mechanism that drives the actuator to move. According to the command signal sent by the control system, the robot is moved with the help of power components. It inputs electrical signals and outputs linear and angular displacement. The driving devices used by robots are mainly electric driving devices, such as stepping motors and servo motors. In addition, there are hydraulic and pneumatic drives.
Proofreading unit
It detects the movement and working state of the robot in real time, feeds it back to the control system as needed, compares it with the set information, and adjusts the actuator to ensure that the robot's action meets the predetermined requirements. Sensors as detection devices can be roughly divided into two categories: one is internal information sensor, which is used to detect the internal conditions of each part of the robot, such as the position, speed and acceleration of each joint, and send the measured information as feedback signals to the controller to form closed-loop control. One is the external information sensor, which is used to obtain the information of the robot's working object and external environment, so that the robot's actions can adapt to the changes of external conditions, make it reach a higher level of automation, and even make the robot have a certain "feeling" and develop towards intelligence. For example, external sensors such as vision and sound sense give information about the working object and working environment, and using this information to form a large feedback loop will greatly improve the working accuracy of the robot.
control system
One is centralized control, that is, all the control of the robot is completed by a microcomputer. The other is decentralized (hierarchical) control, that is, multiple microcomputers are used to share the control of the robot. For example, when the upper and lower computers are used to control the robot, the upper computer is often responsible for system management, communication, kinematics and dynamics calculation, and sends instruction information to the lower computer; As a slave machine, each joint corresponds to a CPU, which performs interpolation operation and servo control processing, realizes the given movement, and feeds back information to the host computer. According to the different requirements of the task, the control modes of the robot can be divided into point control, continuous trajectory control and force (torque) control.
Classification situation
Born in science fiction, people are full of illusions about robots. Perhaps it is precisely because of the vague definition of robot that people are given full imagination and creative space.
According to the application environment, Chinese robotics experts divide robots into two categories, namely industrial robots and special robots. The so-called industrial robot is a multi-joint manipulator or multi-degree-of-freedom robot facing the industrial field. Special robots are all kinds of advanced robots except industrial robots, which are used in non-manufacturing industries and serve human beings, including service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robot machines and so on. Among special robots, some branches develop rapidly and tend to be independent systems, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots and micro-manipulation robots. According to the application environment, international robotics scholars also divide robots into two categories: industrial robots in manufacturing environment and service and humanoid robots in non-manufacturing environment, which is consistent with the classification in China.
Aerial robots are also called unmanned machines. In the military robot family, UAV is the field with the most active scientific research activities, the greatest technological progress, the largest investment in research and procurement, and the richest practical experience. For more than 80 years, the development of UAVs in the world is basically based on the United States, which ranks first in the world in terms of technical level, types and quantity.
Housework type
Can help people manage their lives and do simple housework.
Operation type
Automatic control, repeatable programming, multi-function, several degrees of freedom, fixed or mobile, used in related automation systems.
Program control type
Control the mechanical actions of the robot in turn according to the pre-required sequence and conditions.
Numerical control type
There is no need to let the robot move. The robot is taught by numerical value and language, and the robot works according to the taught information.
Search and rescue category
After a large-scale disaster, people can enter the ruins that people can't enter, scan the scenes in the ruins with infrared rays, and send the information to the search and rescue personnel outside.
Teaching replication type
Through guidance or other means, the robot is taught to act first, and the working program is input, and the robot automatically repeats the operation.
Sensory control type
The information obtained by the sensor is used to control the action of the robot.
Adaptive control type
Can adapt to changes in the environment and control their actions.
Learning control type
Can "experience" work experience, have certain learning function, and apply "learned" experience to work.
intelligence
A robot whose actions are decided by artificial intelligence.
Ability evaluation
The evaluation criteria of robot ability include: intelligence, which refers to feeling and perception, including memory, operation, comparison, recognition, judgment, decision-making, learning and logical reasoning; Function refers to flexibility, universality or space occupation; Physical fitness refers to strength, speed, reliability, interoperability and longevity. Therefore, it can be said that robots are practical space running tools with biological functions, which can replace humans to complete some dangerous or difficult tasks.
exhibition match
serial number
name
circulate
Country/region
1
robocup
2 years
international
2
WRO (international robot Olympic competition)
1 year
international
three
IREX (Japan International Robot Exhibition)
1 year
Japan
four
Taipei International Robot Exhibition
1 year
Taiwan Province Province, China
five
Robner
1 year
international
Development history
Intelligent robot is the most complicated robot, and it is also the robot friend that human beings are most eager to make as soon as possible. However, it is not easy to make an intelligent robot. It will take scientists decades or even hundreds of years to make machines simulate human walking.
QRIO robot from Sony
19 10, the Czechoslovak writer karel capek created the word "robot" in his science fiction according to Robota (Czech, meaning "hard labor") and Robotnik (Polish, meaning "worker").
Elektro, a household robot manufactured by Westinghouse Electric Company, was exhibited at the new york World Expo in 19 1. It is controlled by cables, can walk, can speak 77 words and even smoke, but it is far from really doing housework. But it makes people's yearning for home robots more concrete.
19 12 American science fiction master Asimov put forward the "three laws of robots". Although this is only a creation in science fiction, it later became the default research and development principle in academic circles.
19 13, norbert wiener published cybernetics-the science of control and communication in animals and machines, expounded the * * * law of communication and control functions in machines and human nerve and sensory functions, and took the lead in proposing an automated factory with computers as the core.
At the Dartmouth conference in 19 15, Marvin Minsky put forward his views on intelligent machines: intelligent machines "can create abstract models of the surrounding environment, and if they encounter problems, they can find solutions from the abstract models". This definition will affect the research direction of intelligent robots in the next 30 years.
George Devol, an American, made the world's first programmable robot and registered a patent. This kind of manipulator can do different jobs according to different programs, so it is universal and flexible. [ 1]
1959 de Waal and American inventor Joseph engelberg made the first industrial robot. Subsequently, Unimation Company, the world's first robot manufacturing factory, was established. Because of engelberg's research and promotion of industrial robots, he is also called "the father of industrial robots".
Sony AIBO robot
1962, American AMF company produced "VERSTRAN" (meaning universal handling), which became a truly commercialized industrial robot like Unimate produced by Unimation company, and was exported to all countries in the world, which set off a worldwide upsurge of robots and robot research.
The application of 1962-1963 sensor improves the mobility of the robot. People tried to install various sensors on robots, including 196 1 Ernst's tactile sensor, 1962' s pressure sensor used by tomovic and Bonnie on the world's earliest "dexterous hand", 1963' s McCarthy began to add visual sensing system to robots,/kloc-0.
1965, the laboratory of applied physics of Johns Hopkins University developed the beast robot. Beast has been able to correct its position according to the environment through sonar systems, photovoltaic cells and other equipment. Since the mid-1960s, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and Edinburgh University in the UK have successively set up robot laboratories. The United States has begun to study the second generation of robots with sensors and "feelings" and is moving towards artificial intelligence.
1968 The Stanford Research Institute in the United States announced their successful robot Shakey. It has a visual sensor, which can find and catch building blocks according to human instructions, but the computer that controls it is as big as a room. Shakey can be regarded as the first intelligent robot in the world, which opened the prelude to the research and development of the third generation robot.
1969, Ichiro Kato Laboratory of Waseda University in Japan developed the first robot that walked on two feet. Ichiro Kato has been committed to the research of humanoid robots for a long time and is known as the "father of humanoid robots". Japanese experts have always been good at developing humanoid robots and entertainment robots, and later went further, giving birth to Honda's ASIMO and Sony's QRIO.
1973, the robot T3 of Mielack Dragon Company in Cincinnati, USA was born for the first time with the cooperation of robots and small computers.
1978, Unimation company of the United States launched PUMA, a general industrial robot, which indicated that the industrial robot technology was fully mature. Puma still works in the front line of the factory.
1984, engelberg pushed the robot Helpmate, which can deliver meals, medicines and emails to patients in the hospital. In the same year, he also predicted: "I will let the robot sweep the floor, cook, go out to help me wash the car and check the safety."
Analog communication robot
From 65438 to 0990, Professor Zhou Haizhong, a famous scholar in China, predicted in his article On Robots that by the middle of 2 1 century, nano-robots would completely change human labor and lifestyle.
1998, Lego Denmark launched the Mind-storms suite, which makes robot manufacturing as simple as building blocks and can be assembled at will, allowing robots to enter the personal world.
From 65438 to 0999, Sony Corporation of Japan launched the dog robot AIBO, which sold out immediately. Since then, entertainment robots have become one of the ways for robots to enter ordinary families.
In 2002, American iRobot Company introduced the vacuum cleaner robot Roomba, which can avoid obstacles, automatically design the travel route, and automatically drive to the charging seat when the power is insufficient. Roomba is the largest and most commercialized home robot in the world. The authorized agent of iRobot Company in Beijing: Beijing Micro Network Zhihong Technology Co., Ltd. ..
In June 2006, Microsoft Corporation launched Microsoft Robotics Studio, and the trend of modularization and platform unification of robots became more and more obvious. Bill Gates predicted that home robots would soon sweep the world.
Development characteristics
At present, the characteristics of robot development can be summarized as follows: horizontally, the application fields are getting wider and wider. From 95% industrial applications to more non-industrial applications. Such as surgery, fruit picking, pruning, roadway excavation, reconnaissance, mine clearance, as well as space robots and underwater robots. There is no limit to the application of robots, as long as they can be thought of, they can be created and realized; Vertically, there will be more and more kinds of robots, such as micro-robots entering the human body, which has become a new direction and can be as small as a grain of rice; The intelligence of robots is strengthened, and robots will be smarter.