There are two mentality when it comes to writing academic papers: one is that I want to write an article, and the other is that I want to write an article. The former gives full play to the author's subjective initiative. It is a process in which the author has undergone scientific research and accumulated knowledge. In the author's mind, there are thoughts and creative impulses that are ready to be expressed, thereby changing from quantitative to qualitative changes, materializing the thoughts into words, and forming an academic paper. ; The latter is affected by the objective environment, such as the completion of scientific research projects, degree graduation, and external requirements for job evaluation, excellence evaluation, award evaluation, etc., and the creative behaviors that are forced on the author are mostly words formed without innovative work. , The twisted melon is naturally not sweet, and the words formed are mostly useless. As a scientific and technological paper, it must be innovative. The difference is whether the degree of innovation is more or less. It must always play a certain role in enriching scientific and technological knowledge and promoting the development of science and technology.
1 Definition, characteristics and classification
1.1 Definition
Scientific papers (scientific papers) are based on scientific research and experiments, which are based on natural science and professional Articles written by conducting special research on certain phenomena or problems in the technical field, using logical thinking methods such as concepts, judgments, reasoning, proof or refutation, to analyze, elaborate, and reveal the essence and regularity of the phenomenon or problem. Usually divided into dissertations and academic papers. It can reflect the achievements of scientific and technological workers in scientific research and is a means of promoting scientific research results and academic exchanges. Among them, the largest proportion of academic papers are published in academic journals. 1.2 Characteristics 1.2.1 Academic nature
Academic nature (scientific nature) is the essential attribute of academic papers. It mainly explains the essence and regularity of certain phenomena or problems in the fields of natural science and professional technology, and is scientific. Credibility. Whether it is theoretical exploration in scientific research or research in applied technology, it should be refined, abstractly reflected and reproduced reality, and elevated to theory and technology. And focus on proving and highlighting the actual content and theory to be demonstrated.
1.2.2 Creativity
Creativity (originality, innovation) is a measurement index of academic papers, and it is a characteristic that is different from other documents (relative to human beings around the world). total knowledge). Even if we are filling domestic gaps, as long as we use existing methods and theories (relevant literature has been published abroad), there is no creativity. The object of scientific research can be a new problem, or it can be an old problem that is constantly developing and has not yet been solved. As long as there are theoretically creative new discoveries, the old problem will also be solved in methods, approaches, technological processes, and even certain aspects of the theoretical verification process. There is creative work in one aspect. For example, for a certain document, only conclusions are given, but key data and processes necessary to solve technical problems are missing. Finding these data and processes through scientific research work is also considered creative work. Although this repeats the conclusions of predecessors, it uses its own new technologies and methods.
It is required that the phenomenon, attributes, characteristics and the laws followed by the movement of things disclosed in the article, or the application of these laws must be unprecedented, original or partially original, and there must be something Discover, invent, create, and advance, rather than repeating, imitating, or interpreting previous work.
1.2.3 Readability
Academic papers must be rigorous, concise, and fluent. They must avoid being obscure and difficult to understand. They should follow the principle that clarity is the key to writing, and complexity is not considered clever. principle. The readership of academic papers is narrow, mainly experts who have a certain degree of professional experience. Do not put general and well-known content in the paper, just write your own unique insights in depth and clarity. It is different from both literary and artistic works and popular science readings. This is not fixed. Some academic content will gradually change over time and become more popular, and the technical means used will be mastered by more people.
Academic papers collect materials and organize them according to certain principles, striving to have clear logic, clear arguments, and sufficient arguments. Careful organization of materials is the key to increasing the readability of the paper. Writing academic papers requires a certain degree of literary accomplishment, elaboration of words, and the addition of unemotional rhetoric.
A good academic paper should be logically rigorous, sophisticated in rhetoric, fresh in style, easy to understand, and easy to understand.
1.2.4 Logic
Logic, as the structural characteristic of an article, requires a clear context, rigorous structure, complete premises, correct calculations, standardized symbols, smooth text, refined diagrams, The inference is reasonable, the call is made before the call is made, and the system is self-contained.
1.2.5 Validity
Validity refers to the way the article is published. Today, scientific papers can only be recognized as complete and valid if they have been reviewed by peer experts in relevant professions, passed defense at a certain academic review meeting, and filed, or published in formal scientific journals. At this time, no matter what language the paper is published in, it shows that the facts and its true meaning revealed in the paper can be easily applied by others and become an integral part of the treasure house of human knowledge.
1.3 Classification
1.3.1 Argument type
Discussion and proof of basic scientific propositions, or new assumptions, models, and materials proposed , technology, etc. to conduct theoretical analysis to improve, supplement or revise it. Its theoretical level is relatively high.
1.3.2 Science and technology report type
A science and technology report describes the results or progress of a scientific and technological research or the results of technological research testing and evaluation; or discusses a certain scientific and technological issue. Documentation of current status and developments. Including feasibility demonstration articles on professional technologies, engineering plans and research plans, scientific and technological report-type papers account for the majority of modern scientific and technological literature.
1.3.3 Discovery and invention type
Articles that describe the background, phenomenon, essence, characteristics of discovered things or events, their movement and change patterns, and the prospects for human use of this discovery. Articles that describe the efficacy, performance, characteristics, principles and usage conditions of the invented equipment, systems, tools, materials, processes, formulas or methods.
1.3.4 Design, calculation type
Computer program design to solve certain engineering, technical and management problems, computer-aided design of certain systems, engineering plans and products and optimization design and computer simulation of certain processes, design or modulation and formulation of certain products or materials, etc.
1.3.5 Review type
This is a relatively special scientific paper. Compared with general scientific papers, it does not require originality in research content. Although a good Review articles often include some new information and ideas that have not been published before, but it requires the writer to propose the development and evolution rules of relevant professional topics in a specific period on the basis of comprehensive analysis and evaluation of existing information. trend. There are usually two types of writing methods: one is mainly to collect literature materials, supplemented by annotations, and is objective with little comment. The other category focuses on commentary. Propose logical and enlightening opinions and suggestions through review, observation and outlook.
2 Academic paper structure and writing
Academic papers usually answer questions: (1) Why study this problem? (Significance) (2) How to study this problem? (Theory, Methods, processes) (3) What innovative conclusions can be drawn from this? (4) What is the value? (Theory, application, promotion)
Innovativeness in a broad sense includes new products, new processes, Scientific and technological achievements, scientific papers, patents, new technologies, new laws, new doctrines, new methods, new perspectives, new theories, new results, new discoveries, new ideas, new technologies, new cultures, new business and social relationships, etc.