Generally, foreign countries are classified and processed.
Swedish garbage mainly consists of three parts: industrial production waste (including forestry industry), mining waste and domestic waste. The first two account for more than 90% of the total garbage. Mine waste is mainly landfilled. 75% of industrial production waste is incinerated for material recycling
and energy recycling, and the rest is landfilled.
Swedish waste disposal principles are to maximize recycling and minimize landfilling. The priority order is to reduce waste
generation, reuse, recycle, and landfill. The Swedish government achieves this goal by adopting a series of integrated waste management approaches.
The Swedish government requires product manufacturers and retailers to be responsible for the garbage they generate, and the law requires companies to be responsible for collecting the packaging of their own products, either directly by themselves. Collection can also be entrusted to public or private institutions. For example, Sweden's packaging waste is handled by the "Packaging Collection Association". Therefore, stimulated by economic interests, companies strive to reduce waste in the production process and transportation of products, that is, to control the generation of waste from the source rather than disposing of it afterwards. In addition, Sweden has also adopted high garbage collection fees, established community garbage recycling stations, and strengthened publicity to promote garbage recycling.
2. Treatment and recycling of domestic waste in Sweden
By 2004, 96% of glass packaging, 95% of metal packaging, 86% of corrugated paper and 80% of e-waste in Sweden had been eliminated
Recycle.
For garbage that cannot be recycled, Sweden uses other methods. In 2005, Sweden declared it illegal to landfill organic waste. All organic waste must be biotechnologically processed into compost, biogas or mixed fertilizer, or incinerated. Currently, about 12.6% of organic waste is treated by biotechnology. The rest of the waste is used to generate energy. Food waste is pre-treated into a slurry and then fermented in a bioreactor to produce biogas. A portion of forestry and agricultural waste is used for composting or the production of mixed fertilizers, and most is incinerated for heating
and power generation. The main responsibility for the disposal of domestic waste in Sweden is the Swedish Waste Management Association.
Sweden has a developed community energy system, and domestic waste has become the source of heating and power supply for many communities in Sweden. At present, there are 30 municipal solid waste incineration plants in Sweden, 16 of which are cogeneration plants and 13 are boiler heating plants, which can serve 810,000 households
Heating and providing electricity to 250,000 households. The other provides steam to businesses.
Swedish fly scandinavia
(fly scandinavia)
PRAGS -40.975395 89.1BOULEVARD 54 ST TH COPENHAGEN, DANMARK
Garbage Incineration plants are also economically viable. Take a waste incineration plant in Malm?, southern Sweden, as an example. Its annual waste incineration volume is 460,000 tons, which is mainly used for residential heating and power supply. The excess electricity can be sold online. The plant invested US$286 million to build, with annual revenue of approximately US$36 million to US$70 million. The investment can be recovered within 10 years.
In Sweden, the amount of domestic waste has not increased significantly since 2003, but the methods of waste disposal have undergone many changes. The most obvious one is that the landfill ratio has dropped from 22% to 3 %, waste recycling also increased from 29% to 35%. Currently, 97% of domestic waste is recycled, and only 3% is landfilled. See Table 1 for details [1].
Table 1. Changes in the disposal methods of domestic waste in Sweden between 2003 and 2008
Disposal methods 2003 (tons) 2003 (%) 2008 (tons) 2008 (% )
Hazardous waste 39000 1% 43320 0.9%
Waste recycling 1157200 29% 1657840 35.0%
Biotechnology treatment 388000 10% 597280 12.6%
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Incineration 1504000 38% 2292970 48.5%
Landfill 880000 22% 140250 3.0%
Total 3968490 100% 4731660 100%
Swedish Government An incineration tax was formulated in 2006, that is, a tax is paid according to the electric energy output of the incineration plant. The higher the electric energy output, the lower the tax rate
The purpose is to promote cogeneration incinerators and reduce supply. Thermal incinerator, thereby improving energy utilization efficiency. In addition, Sweden will also focus on encouraging the reuse of organic waste through biotechnology in the future, rather than just incineration for heating.
3. Pollutant treatment in the waste incineration process
Incineration is a technology for the combustion treatment of organic waste, which is called thermal treatment technology. Incineration converts waste into incinerator bottom ash, smoke, dust particles and heat. The heat can be used directly for community heating or converted into electricity. Before the flue gas is discharged into the atmosphere, it must be cleaned to remove pollutants. The total weight of incinerator bottom ash, flue gas and dust particle recycling accounts for a total of 20% of the total waste mass, which is landfilled or used together with natural gravel for road construction. Flue gas recycling can also be used to neutralize mining waste and be landfilled together.
In the past, it was always believed that waste incineration would cause pollution to the environment, so many waste incineration projects encountered public resistance. However, with the improvement of
technology, the emissions of major pollutants, including dioxins, are getting smaller and smaller. Take SYSAV Company in Malm?, southern Sweden, as an example. Its No. 1 and No. 2 incinerators were built in 1973. The flue gas recovery initially only used a simple filtration system to remove it with lime.
Acidic substances. In 2005, the company installed a multi-functional flue gas cleaning system composed of cooling, three-step cleaning and waste heat recovery system developed by the Swedish company G?taverken. It can remove hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride respectively. Acid, ammonia, dioxins and other substances can also be recovered at the same time as waste heat [2]. The cleaning tower of this system is filled with a patented packing called ADIOX, which is made of polypropylene and porous carbon. It has a strong ability to adsorb dioxins, so it is difficult for dioxins to volatilize. [3]. In 1985, 18 waste incineration plants in Sweden discharged 100 grams of dioxins per year. Currently, 30 waste incineration plants discharge 0.7 grams per year. The impact on the environment has already been rare. At the same time, the amount of garbage incinerated continues to increase, and the energy obtained continues to increase, as shown in Figure 1 [1].
Figure 1: Waste incineration volume and dioxin emissions in Sweden from 1985 to 2006
Conclusion:
Currently, most of the municipal waste in our country is landfilled. Many waste incineration projects are under preparation. In this process, attention should be paid to the use of mature technologies and
management experience, not only to improve energy conversion efficiency, but also to minimize the generation of pollutants, not causing harm to the environment, and also reducing
Reduce the use of landfill.
Attachment: Major events in Swedish waste management in various periods
1. In the 1890s, Sweden established the first waste classification and treatment plant.
2. The composition of garbage began to change during the 1950s and 1960s, and the per capita amount of garbage increased sharply (3-4/year)
3. In the 1960s, Sweden banned landfills The landfill plant conducted open incineration and began collecting waste paper.
4. In the 1970s, Sweden began to develop incinerator technology and established 21 factories.
5. In the 1970s, the Swedish government invested in the establishment of 17 mechanical waste sorting plants and compost plants.