Next, I will give you a brief introduction on the foreign capital occupation of several major parts assemblies. The following enterprises are wholly foreign-owned, holding or shareholding, and all or part of their profits have flowed abroad; The parts companies that realize localization through technology introduction are not discussed in this paper, because the profits still remain in China.
1. Gasoline engine:
There is no doubt that Mitsubishi of Japan almost monopolized the supply of gasoline engines for all self-owned cars that could not produce their own engines. Mitsubishi Corporation, which has a low market share in China, set up Aerospace Mitsubishi in Shenyang, Liaoning Province in 1997 and Dongan Mitsubishi in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province in 1998 under the matchmaking of Mr. Yang Rong, a giant in China automobile industry at that time, producing gasoline engines with medium displacement and small displacement respectively, supporting Hafei, Southeast and Brilliance companies at that time. With the rise of independent brands such as Chery, Geely, Brilliance and BYD around 1999, the performance of these two engine companies invested by Mitsubishi in China has made rapid progress and made a lot of money.
According to incomplete statistics, the models using Dongan Mitsubishi engine are: BYD F3, Brilliance Junjie, Southeast Lan Se, Lingyue, Xiwang, Hafei Racing, Saibao, Zotye 58, Popular Jingyi, Changfeng Feiteng ...
The models using Shenyang Aerospace Mitsubishi engine are: BYD F6, Brilliance Zunchi, Junjie, Jinbei Sea Lion and Chery Oriental. Southeast Lingyue, Junge, Gelan, Jiangling Landwind, Haima 3, Liuqi Popular MPV, Changfeng Cheetah, Great Wall Haval, Jiayu, Huatai Traka, Beiqi Yusheng, Knight, Futian Mengpike, Scenery, Zhengzhou Nissan Odin, Zhongxing Unlimited, Weihu, Shuguang Aolong, Qisheng ...
2. Diesel engine: < p As early as 1984 and 1985, the Japanese diesel engine and commercial vehicle giant set up Qingling Motor and jiangling motors in China, Sichuan, Chongqing and Nanchang, Jiangxi, respectively, and began to produce Isuzu pickup trucks, light trucks and 4JB1 engines. With the off-line of Ford Transit, Futian scenery and other light passengers, Isuzu engine has found the blue ocean in the light passenger market. At present, almost all diesel engines used in pickup trucks, light trucks and light passengers in China are purchased from Isuzu or produced by Isuzu technology.
in terms of heavy-duty diesel engines, Cummins Inc. of the United States takes the lead. This independent American engine manufacturer has established four companies in China only in terms of complete machine production: Dongfeng Cummins, Xi 'an Cummins, Chongqing Cummins and Futian Cummins. The supporting scope covers heavy truck enterprises such as Dongfeng, Shaanxi Automobile Heavy Truck, Chongqing Tiema and Futian Ou Man, bus enterprises such as Yutong, Jinlong, Qingnian and Zhongtong, and construction machinery enterprises such as Sany Heavy Industry, Zoomlion and Xugong. It can be said that Cummins almost monopolized the high-end heavy-duty diesel engine market in China.
3. EFI system:
In order to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements, EFI system must be installed on all cars produced in China at present. Bosch in Germany, Delphi in the United States and Denso in Japan (belonging to Toyota Group) have monopolized almost all the EFI market share in China, with Bosch in Germany dominating the market, accounting for over 6%.
From independent brands to foreign brands, from cars to trucks, from gasoline cars to diesel cars, every car bought by China consumers will contribute thousands of dollars in profits to the above three foreign companies.
4. Heavy-duty transmission:
Eaton and ZF not only control the research and development and sales of heavy-duty transmission in the world, but also almost monopolize the heavy-duty transmission market in China. As early as the beginning of China's reform and opening up in the 198s, Eaton and ZF respectively transferred the manufacturing technology of heavy-duty transmission to Shaanxi Automobile Factory and Sichuan Automobile Factory for matching the Steyr heavy-duty truck models imported at that time, and they later evolved into two dominant players in China's heavy-duty transmission market: Fast and Qijiang Gear (Qijiang County is the hometown of Xifeng).
Now, two international transmission giants have set up factories in China. Eaton of the United States set up a factory in Shanghai in 1997 to produce heavy truck gearboxes, focusing on the high-end market; In 23, Eaton Fast Gear (Xi 'an) Co., Ltd. was established as a joint venture with Fast and Hunan Torch, which provided support for China Heavy Duty Truck, Dongfeng, FAW and Futian. In 24, FAW Eaton Gearbox Co., Ltd. was established as a joint venture with FAW, mainly supporting Jiefang Heavy Truck.
ZF, Germany, set up a factory in Suzhou in 1998 to produce transmissions for passenger cars, set up a joint venture with SAIC in 24 to produce transmissions for cars, set up a factory in Hangzhou in 25 to produce transmissions for trucks, and set up a joint venture with its partner Qijiang Gear for many years in 21 to further expand the low-end market.
No matter how fierce the competition in the heavy truck market in China is and how the profit rate drops, two foreign companies, Eaton and ZF, who are lurking behind the scenes, will snicker and reap the profits.
5. Car transmission:
Aisin Company, controlled by Toyota, is the world's largest manufacturer of automatic transmission and the fifth largest auto parts company in the world, and has extended its reach to every corner of China's auto industry. In 1996, Tangshan Aixin Gear Co., Ltd. was established as a joint venture to produce manual transmissions, and then it became a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in 23. In 24, Tianjin AIDA Automatic Transmission Co., Ltd. was established as a joint venture to produce automatic transmissions.
according to incomplete statistics, Foreign brands that use Aisin transmission are: Porsche, Hummer, Lexus, Volvo, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mazda, Hyundai, Kia, Suzuki, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Isuzu, Hino, Daihatsu ...
Joint venture brands that use Aisin transmission are: Shanghai GM, Shanghai Volkswagen, FAW Volkswagen, FAW Audi, Beijing Benz, Dongfeng Peugeot and Dongfeng Citroen. Changan Suzuki ...
The independent brands that use Aisin transmission are: BYD, Southeast, Great Wall, Brilliance, Changan, MG, Roewe, FAW Pentium, dongfeng fengshen, GAC Chuanqi ...
Dear cynics, what kind of cars can we buy if we want to boycott Japanese goods?
6. Automobile interior and exterior parts:
Multinational parts giants represented by johnson controls, Delphi (formerly General Motors Parts Division), Visteon (formerly Ford Auto Parts Division) and Faurecia, France, not only manufacture seats, instrument panels, handrails, car door interiors, roof interiors, bumpers, headlights, wipers, air conditioners and other interiors and exteriors for domestic automobile manufacturers. These companies design and manufacture interior and exterior parts for almost all domestic passenger car manufacturers.
7. Skylight system:
From the high-end Rolls-Royce and Bentley to the low-end Chery and Xiali, all the skylights used in cars actually come from the same company-Webasto, Germany. Webster, Germany, obtained the first skylight patent in 1936, and now it has a market share of more than 7% in the global automobile skylight. Webasto supplies almost all domestic joint venture brands and independent brands.
8. Tires:
All the low-end South Korean Kumho and Han Tai, the mid-end American Goodyear, Italian Pirelli, Japanese Deng Lupu, Bridgestone and Youkehaoma, and the high-end French Michelin are foreign capital. The market of domestic tires is mostly limited to mini-cars and commercial vehicles.
9. Automobile exterior design:
There are not only four major accounting firms in the world, but also four major automobile design companies in the world: Broadcom, Pininfarina, Giorgetto and India. These four Italian companies have designed exterior designs for all major automobile companies in the world.
Broadcom has always been a stable partner of Lamborghini, Fiat and Maserati; Pininfarina became close friends with Ferrari, monopolizing almost all the product designs of Ferrari. In the early 195s, it also produced 27, Alfa Romeo Giulietta models, and GM was also a frequent visitor. Pininfania was asked to design Buick Lido5, Cadillac convertible, Chevrolet Lumina MPV, and the second generation Daewoo Traveler (that is, the domestic Buick Excelle). The famous Giorgio has designed many classic models such as Volkswagen Golf, Passat, Audi 8, Bugatti, Seat, Fiat Panda, Ponto, Uno and Lancia Delta.
In p>1996, Pininfarina successfully designed the "China-Italy" micro-facet for hafei automobile, marking the beginning of the entry of the world's four largest companies into the China market. Pininfarina has successively designed Hafei Saibao, Lubao, Jianghuai Tongyue, Chery A3 and M14, Changfeng Feiteng, etc. Giorgetto's works include Brilliance Zunchi, Junjie, FAW Pentium and dongfeng fengshen H3. In Yidia, the first generation of Buick LaCrosse, Landwind Fashion, Changan CM8, Benben and Haima 3 have come out one after another. Broadcom's works are few. At present, there are only Changhe Adil and Chery Ruilin G6. Since 24, they have simply set up branches in China. At present, one-third of Pininfarina's business comes from China, while the China business of India accounts for 4% of the total revenue.
1. Engine design:
AVL in Austria, FEV in Germany and Ricardo in Britain are the three largest independent engine design companies in the world. Together with VM in Italy, they monopolize the engine design of domestic independent brands.
AVL Austria is the largest engine design company in the world, providing engine design services and engine test equipment to almost all automobile and engine manufacturers including Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Ford and General Motors. AVL became famous overnight in China by selling engine technology to Chery in 26. In fact, AVL has a long history in China. Its founder, Mr. Liszt, taught at Tongji University from 1926 to 1932. In 1987, AVL assisted the Ministry of Machinery Industry in formulating "China Internal Combustion Engine Development Series Spectrum" and "China Diesel Engine Smoke Emission Standard"; In 1999, Xiamen Haiteng Engine Test Equipment Co., Ltd. was established in a joint venture with the Ministry of Science and Technology. At present, AVL's customers in China mainly include Chery, Weichai, Xichai, Dachai, Shangchai and Yunnei.
Italian VM company, which is located in the same city as Ferrari, Lamborghini and Maserati, provided engines for Land Rover Range Rover, Rover 8 and Alfa Romeo in the last century. Now, the models using VM diesel engines include Cadillac CTS, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Freeman, Chevrolet Cruze, copaci, Jing Cheng and Chrysler Navigator. Since 24, Jiangling, Huatai, Changfeng, Great Wall and SAIC have successively purchased VM's diesel engine manufacturing technology and key production equipment and started to produce their own diesel engines.
German FEV began to sell engine technology to Guangxi Yuchai as early as the 198s. At present, its main customers in China include FAW, SAIC, Brilliance, Landwind, Yuchai and Yunnei.
Ricardo of Britain began to supply diesel engines to London buses and Citroen of France as early as the 193s. In recent years, its main achievements are designing DSG transmissions for Audi R8 and Bugatti Veyron, helping BMW to optimize K12 series motorcycle engines, and helping McLaren to design its first engine M838T. At present, Ricardo's customers in China include FAW, SAIC, Great Wall and Lifan.
from the above facts, we can easily see that the technologies of core and key parts are controlled by foreign capital, and China self-owned brand automobile companies can only complete the preliminary market survey, product definition, appearance and interior design, mid-term stamping, welding, painting, final assembly and inspection, and later dealer recruitment and sales management. Among them, most of the previous market surveys were commissioned by international market research companies such as AC Nielsen, and most of the exterior designs were commissioned by car design companies on the streets of Turin, Italy, and most of the interior designs were commissioned by companies such as johnson controls, USA. In the later period, the recruitment standard of dealers is even lower. No matter whether you have sold cars before, or whether you are a company that sells cables or household appliances before, you can get the right to sell as long as you have the funds and agree with what I call "corporate culture". Local auto companies in China are more and more like assembly shops in Computer City. As long as they can "integrate global car-making resources", they can save a whole car.
In the process of development, more and more China car companies choose outsourcing as a quick way, but the outsourcing of China enterprises is essentially different from that of foreign companies. Foreign companies outsource processes that they despise to China enterprises, while China enterprises outsource processes that they can't do. Brazil, Mexico and other Latin American countries enjoyed the rapid development of China 3 years ago, but they are still playing the role of manufacturing bases in developed countries because they failed to achieve industrial upgrading through technological innovation in time.