The Rise of China’s Commerce
(1) E-commerce applications are becoming more popular and normalized
(2) E-commerce is gradually moving towards electronic services Trends in expansion and upgrading
(3) Enterprise e-commerce applications show the trend of full-process industrial chain and supply chain
(4) Mobile e-commerce has become a new driving force for the development of e-commerce
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(5) The original "oligopoly" structure is gradually being replaced by a "diversified" competitive market
(6) B2C replacing C2C is an inevitable trend in the development of online shopping in the future
(7) The rise of B2C2C, showing the trend of coexistence and development of multiple models
(8) The integration trend of e-commerce platforms and search engine platforms
(9) The security of e-commerce , integrity and legislation and other issues are gradually improved
(10) The local e-commerce camp is gradually rising, and the national e-commerce industry has a long way to go
(11) Third-party electronic payment industry Accelerating the application of e-commerce platforms
(12) Online e-commerce platforms and offline physical platforms are showing a trend of integration
Changes in current commodity trading models
The most significant theory in the science of consumer spending patterns is Engel’s law of change in consumer spending, referred to as Engel’s law. Engel’s law essentially points out the changing pattern of consumption.
Engel’s law implies The basic principles are very real and obvious. Food is one of the most basic needs for people to survive. If you can't even eat enough, it's hard to imagine that a person will have other extravagant consumption expectations. The high proportion of food in the income expenditure of poor families is not because the poor have larger stomachs than the rich, but because their income has become so meager that it is difficult to make ends meet. The poorer a country is, the greater the proportion of its national disposable income spent on food. As wealth increases, this proportion will tend to decline. As a kind of social commodity, food is the most basic and necessary material consumer goods in daily life. But the production and consumption of social goods does not only refer to food. Otherwise, the evolution of human society will follow the simple logic of "sheep eating grass." I remember someone once severely criticized that some people in society always ignore the improvement of living standards. They "pick up their bowls to eat meat and put down their chopsticks to scold their mothers." That is, they are always in a state of mind that is difficult to satisfy. Maybe there is some truth to this, but think about it on the other hand, when making such a description, does it mean to compare the masses to an animal that only takes "eating" as its greatest satisfaction?
The reason why modern human society is different from primitive animal society is that with the development of society, the proportion of material consumption in the total consumption expenditure of society is getting smaller and smaller. , while the consumption of other types of social products accounts for an increasingly higher proportion. This is the application of Engel's law in the social commodity consumption structure.
The same principle can be applied to analyzing the legal system of a country or society. We often hear people comment on whether a certain legal system is advanced or backward, but what is the specific measurement standard?
As a social product, one of the basic functions of the legal system is to adjust (establish, maintain and remedy) rights relations. There are many types of rights, such as the right to survival, property rights, reproductive rights, labor rights, education rights, privacy rights, the right to vote and be elected, the right to associate, and so on. In fact, these rights can be divided into different levels, such as those basic "guaranteed rights" that are directly related to the survival or reproduction of life, such as the right to obtain food, survival rights, reproductive rights, etc., and others based on basic "guaranteed rights" "rights", but "improvement rights" aimed at further optimizing life or quality of life, such as the right to education, privacy, patent rights, association rights, etc.
According to general logic, only when people obtain basic guaranteed rights can they continue to pursue and try to realize the next step of improved rights. In other words, serfs were ruthlessly deprived of even their basic rights to survive, so realizing other rights became nonsense. In this sense, Engel's law reveals a basic and universal principle of social evolution: the degree of social evolution must be related to the proportional relationship between the basic rights and other rights enjoyed by the group of people.
Theoretically, the realization of rights depends on the transition between rights or the upgrading of rights. The establishment and exercise of one right cannot be separated from the basis of other rights, just as ameliorative rights are usually based on guarantees. On top of, not outside of, sexual rights. For example, the urban household registration management system that has been widely implemented in our country for a long time may belong to the legitimate public rights of the government from the perspective of public security management and maintenance of urban economic order. However, from the perspective of equal employment and maintenance of survival, does this deprive farmers of their basic rights? suspicion of private law rights. Coincidentally, in the past few years, when people in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River often suffered from flood disasters and were filled with indignation and verbal criticism against certain groups in the upper reaches for deforestation and ecological destruction, has anyone considered that if other ways of life are not found for these groups? Is the indiscriminate ban on logging a direct deprivation of the basic survival rights of those people who have long relied on forest resources as their only livelihood? In recent years, the state's transfer payments and allocations for "converting farmland to forests" in some upstream areas can be regarded as policy recognition of the basic rights of people in the upstream areas and economic benefits when some of their rights are lost or restricted. Compensation or relief.
In this sense, whether it is between public law rights and private law rights, between protective rights themselves, or between protective rights and ameliorative rights, there is more than a simple "substitution relationship" ”, on the contrary, they belong more to a complex “transactional relationship”. The scarcity of resources often forces people to make difficult and even painful choices between different rights and the order and adequacy of the realization of various rights. But in any case, the law can never ignore the basic rights of one group of people and only realize the special rights of another group of people. This is not the fault of rights, but of choice. It should be pointed out that the author's main purpose of using Engel's law to explain the legal system is not just to pursue novelty in legal analysis methods. On the contrary, the author attempts to understand the basic trends of legal evolution in today's world more rationally and accurately. Just as the proportion of subsistence consumption expenditures (such as food) in total consumption expenditures can illustrate the wealth of a family, the structural relationship between basic rights and derived rights, in turn, can also prove the advanced level of a country's legal system. That is, in the overall legal structure, the greater the proportion of laws aimed at establishing and maintaining quality improvement rights, the higher the overall level of the legal system will be. China is a developing country. From the perspective of rights structure, the term "developing" includes both the concept of economic growth and the concept of legal system. For the latter, "developing" at least includes the following meanings:
(1) The basic protective rights structure itself still has very big deficiencies;
(2) The proportion of improved rights in the entire structural relationship is even lower;
(3) China’s legal system is far away from modernization and rationalization and is still a relatively backward system.
Therefore, economic development must be synchronized with the reform of the legal system.
The important significance of the principle of Engel's Law to the law is that the law needs to pay attention not only to public law rights, but also to private law rights, not only to pay attention to basic safeguard rights, but also to many extended or derived improvements. Rights, which constitute the sum of people's "entitlements". However, in order to complete the transformation of "entitled rights" into "real rights" and "realization of rights", "rights legalization", "rights protection" and "rights relief" are inseparable. Therefore, the law must not only establish, maintain and relieve people's basic rights, but also constantly discover, establish, maintain and relieve rights that are derived from or derived from those basic rights. With the further development of society, the overall structure and quality level of the legal structure will continue to improve and can in turn optimize the institutional system of the entire society. In this sense, the law must improve and rationalize the relationship between basic rights and the relationship between basic rights and improved rights, and it must also continue to improve and rationalize the relationship between man and society, man and nature on this basis. , the extended or derived rights relationship between contemporary society and future society. Only in this way will the development of the legal system keep pace with the proliferation of rights
Conditions for emergence and development
People-oriented e-commerce is the future development direction of my country's e-commerce. This is mainly reflected in three aspects: 1. People-oriented is the objective requirement for e-commerce put forward by my country's economic development. Our country is in the modernization process in which informatization drives industrialization, industrialization promotes informatization, and takes a new industrialization path.
The traditional industrialized production method based on huge consumption of material resources is unsustainable. To further develop, it is required to be people-oriented under the guidance of the scientific outlook on development and follow a path of "high scientific and technological content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, environmental protection". A development path with less pollution and full utilization of human resources. People-oriented e-commerce is very much in line with this development direction. How much impact e-commerce can have on China depends largely on how much it can contribute to solving pressing problems in the national economy. Among them, increasing the employment of workers through new opportunities through e-commerce and improving the quality of workers through e-commerce training are important aspects. 1. E-commerce is of strategic significance in solving the employment problem. Currently, e-commerce websites provide 320,000 jobs in our country, including 1.1 million job opportunities provided by corporate websites. The third-party logistics and distribution industry will also bring thousands more jobs. Employment opportunities for thousands of people. Our country's annual labor employment gap is around 13 to 4 million. If e-commerce is done well, a large part of the employment problem can be solved at once. According to relevant statistics from CNNIC in 2004, the total number of websites nationwide was 595,600. Among all types of websites, corporate websites accounted for the largest proportion, accounting for 70.9% of the total websites, or about 420,000, directly employing about 1.1 million people. . Followed by commercial websites, accounting for 8.2%. There are about 48,800 websites that specialize in e-commerce activities. They have more than 10 full-time employees, accounting for more than 40%, and about 200,000 people are employed. E-commerce websites employ approximately 320,000 people in total. If e-commerce and indirect driving factors other than the website are taken into account, the number of jobs created by e-commerce will be even higher. For example, the third-party logistics and distribution industry has created employment opportunities for tens of millions of people, forming emerging positions such as e-commerce engineers and online marketing. Employment information websites and a large number of talent supply and demand channels are providing more matching opportunities for supply and demand, reducing frictional unemployment and promoting a more reasonable allocation of talent resources. 2. Improving the information literacy of workers and adjusting the employment structure through vocational and skills training are related to China’s future strategic competitiveness. According to statistics, of the 65 million job opportunities created by OECD member countries in recent years, 95% are related to the information and knowledge industry. related. E-commerce can change the labor structure and increase the information and knowledge components of labor factors. The same is about employment. High-quality employment is 10 million, and low-quality employment is 10 million. They are the same from the perspective of finding a job, but they are very different from the perspective of national competitiveness. It makes a big difference whether we position our future national competitive advantage in cheap labor or in human capital. Countries and regions that take the lead in adjustment can move their labor force from low-demand, low-quality employment fields to high-demand, high-quality employment fields; countries and regions that lag behind in adjustment will shift their labor force from fields of original demand to high-quality employment fields. into areas of reduced demand. Therefore, the key to the problem is to seize the opportunity of structural adjustment. Compared with other countries and regions, through information-based training, we can improve the quality of workers, seize the opportunity of employment adjustment, and improve people's living standards. Since 2002, the country has implemented the "Plan to Strengthen Vocational Training to Improve Employability" and the "National High-Skilled Talent Training Project", and launched the "Three-Year and Five Hundred Thousand New Technicians Training Plan" to carry out extensive skills revitalization actions throughout society. Accelerate the training of a large number of technical and skilled workers, especially high-level skilled personnel, and improve the employability, work ability and career transition capabilities of all workers. Focus on training on new technologies, new materials, new processes, and new equipment, and cultivate a group of technical skills, compound skills talents that are urgently needed by enterprises, as well as knowledge and skills talents needed for the development of high and new technologies. In 2003, 34 million employees of enterprises across the country received various job skills training that year. An effective way to select knowledge-based and complex high-skilled talents in the form of vocational skills competitions is an effective way explored in practice; the winners who pass the vocational skills competitions are commended, and the emerging high-skilled talents are interviewed, reported, Promote and let the whole society pay attention to the construction of a highly skilled talent team; it is very necessary to establish a high-skilled talent development mechanism and do a good job in mobilizing, supervising, summarizing, and improving the construction of a high-skilled talent team.
Activities such as the e-commerce competition can popularize e-commerce vocational skills, technical achievements and application experience, improve the employability of workers, be close to the actual production of enterprises, promote the employment of e-commerce professionals and the orderly flow of talents, and make the public, especially the traditional Enterprise operators have a clear understanding of how to carry out e-commerce implementation work (for example, what kind of professional positions should be set up in e-commerce planning and design work, development and construction work, maintenance and management work in the e-commerce business operation process, etc., and what kind of professional positions should be selected) personnel to engage in these positions), have a clearer understanding, so that talents who study e-commerce majors, or have received professional training and appraisal of e-commerce engineer vocational skills, can find an accurate position in the enterprise. 2. People-oriented is the development requirement of e-commerce enterprises themselves and the direction of the third-generation e-commerce model. The people-oriented concept is not unfamiliar to IT. "Technology is people-oriented" ("HighTech, HighTouch") was a prediction made by an internationally renowned futurist fifteen years ago. High-tech companies such as Nokia have achieved great success based on this concept. Observing the development trend of e-commerce, we can find that in the first generation of e-commerce, people's understanding of e-commerce focused more on its technical features, focusing on "electronics" and emphasizing website e-commerce and virtual business forms. The particularity emphasizes the provision of online products. After adjustments since 2000, the second-generation e-commerce model has begun to return to traditional business and offline business, emphasizing the pragmatic and rational side of business and emphasizing service. However, no matter whether the emphasis is on electronics or commerce, it cannot be separated from the people themselves and the fundamental factor of improving customer satisfaction. Therefore, recently, the leaders of the third generation of e-commerce are increasingly emphasizing business experience and hope to re-understand e-commerce from a "customer-centric" perspective. For example, HP proposes comprehensive customer experience and IBM proposes on-demand response, both emphasizing people-centered e-commerce. From a business perspective, we see a strange phenomenon. On the one hand, there is fierce competition among merchants, and on the other hand, users are still dissatisfied. It shows that businesses are not fighting for ideas, and the problem lies in not being people-oriented. Let’s analyze the user satisfaction with Internet services in the following table: Here, 70.9% of users are not satisfied with online shopping. The merchants have been working hard for a long time, so what have they been busy with? Businessmen only say that my technology is good and my "electronics" is strong, or that my service is good and my "business" is strong, but if the users are not satisfied, it is all zero. The key to solving the problem is to upgrade the product strategy and service strategy to an experience strategy, or a people-oriented e-commerce strategy. Take improving user satisfaction as the starting point and destination of e-commerce activities. The business of an enterprise is not only to provide customers with goods, but also to provide customers with a pleasant and satisfactory shopping process is also a very important goal. Employees should learn to satisfy customers' spiritual needs in this process; while companies are improving products and services, they need to deepen process reengineering and customer relationship management into knowledge management and satisfaction management. Make full use of the subjective initiative of individual employees to improve the level of personalized service. At this time, it can be seen that the key production factor of people-oriented e-commerce is neither labor nor capital, but the knowledge quality of employees. This is a knowledge-based quality that has the characteristics of both labor and capital. It requires The employees are innovative and well-trained. It can be seen that in addition to the "people-oriented" nature of business activities itself, the "people-oriented" nature of corporate e-commerce is also highlighted in its emphasis on human capital. For example, IBM advocates that e-commerce is people-oriented and believes that software talents and their skills play a key role in the implementation of e-commerce. IBM has many cutting-edge software talents in its own organization, engaged in software technology research, product development, solution design, e-commerce product technology support and services, etc. At the same time, IBM believes that the development of China's software requires a large number of talents. A clear commitment to help the Chinese government establish a reasonable software talent training support system. In the next three years, we will support the skill improvement and business growth of 1,000 software partners, cultivate 100,000 new software forces, and benefit 1 million people. 3. Chinese people need people-oriented e-commerce. "People-oriented" embodies a people-oriented consciousness. The people mentioned in it do not refer to purely abstract people, but to individuals who both conform to the concept of people and have living lives. E-commerce, whether it is B to C or B to B, is ultimately completed by people.
If Chinese people are not exposed to e-commerce and do not personally experience the benefits of e-commerce, China will not be able to enter the information age in a hundred years. For e-commerce, it is not reliable to rely solely on reading from the media or learning from book knowledge. It must rely on personal contact and actual experience. It’s not that many people don’t have the conditions to shop online, but they just don’t have the habit and lack the first experience with the taste of pears. Facts have proven that as long as there is an opportunity, the number of people surfing the Internet will increase exponentially. Not to mention, during the SARS epidemic, people went out less and the number of people online increased significantly. According to relevant surveys, during the May Day holiday last year, e-commerce activities on the Internet increased significantly, the number of online news views increased rapidly, virtual social interactions became popular, and chat rooms, BBS, online games, online movies, etc. An important way of leisure and entertainment. Since March last year, Sina News subscribers have soared by 25%, new registered users and daily text message sending volume have increased by more than 30%, and online game users have increased by 20 to 30%. Among them, the "SARS" topic alone received 3 million daily views. During the May Day holiday, as many as 40,000 to 50,000 people communicated online at the same time in Sina chat rooms every day, and set a record of 54,000 people online at the same time. During the May Day holiday when the virus was raging, the sales volume of the professional e-commerce website Joyo increased by 25% compared with normal times, with the sales of audiovisuals, books, and software growing particularly significantly. During the May Day holiday, PC manufacturers such as Founder and Tongfang introduced telephone ordering and door-to-door sales. These situations show that the current bottleneck factor affecting the popularity of e-commerce is that someone needs to do the work of popularization and push people to take the first step to experience e-commerce. At least 66.5% of people are likely to shop online in the next year. Only 4.3% definitely won’t. If the promotion of popularization in society is done well, more than 90% of people will be able to take the first step of online shopping.
Attention should be paid to the development of e-commerce
China’s e-commerce began in 1997. If American e-commerce is "business-driven," then Chinese e-commerce is more "technology-driven." This is the biggest difference between Chinese e-commerce and American e-commerce in terms of development models. In the United States, the practice of e-commerce precedes the concept of e-commerce. The business needs of enterprises "promote" the advancement of network and e-commerce technology and contribute to the formation of the concept of e-commerce. When the Internet era arrived, the United States already had a relatively advanced and developed e-commerce foundation. In China, the concept of e-commerce precedes the application and development of e-commerce. The "enlighteners" are IT manufacturers such as IBM. Network and e-commerce technologies need to continuously "pull" the business needs of enterprises, which in turn leads to the application and development of e-commerce in China. It is important to understand this difference. This is a major feature of China's e-commerce development and a key to understanding the application and development of China's e-commerce. In 1997 and 1998, the main body of China's e-commerce was some IT manufacturers and media, which carried out "enlightenment education" on e-commerce in various ways to stimulate and guide people's understanding, interest and demand for e-commerce. After this stage, in 1999 and 2000, e-commerce service providers with websites as their main characteristics became the earliest adopters of e-commerce in China with the intervention of venture capital, and became the main body of e-commerce in China at this stage. With the deepening of the application and development of e-commerce and the bursting of the capital market bubble, website e-commerce began to fall into the trough, while enterprises, especially traditional ones, began to enter the field of e-commerce on a large scale. China's e-commerce entered the third stage in 2001. At this stage, corporate e-commerce has become the new main body of China’s e-commerce. This change is profound, but it has also led to some incorrect views on China's e-commerce situation. People have become accustomed to website e-commerce, especially some "hot" website e-commerce, as an important or even the only basis for understanding and judging the e-commerce situation. Therefore, the decline of e-commerce on some "hot" websites has led many media and professionals to judge that China's e-commerce is at a low point, declining, or will simply never recover. As a result, many people have great doubts about the development prospects of e-commerce. , more and more negative and negative opinions began to appear on the superiority of e-commerce. This is an understandable but incorrect view. In fact, contrary to the superficial situation, China's e-commerce is developing in depth and breadth, and the overall trend is healthy.
The main body of e-commerce is changing from IT manufacturers, media and e-commerce service providers to enterprises. Traditional enterprises are entering the field of e-commerce on a large scale, which is characterized by being firm and effective but not very attractive to "attention". Enterprise e-commerce is the main perspective from which to observe and judge the e-commerce situation in the future. In the process of application and development of e-commerce in China, there are many very basic issues that need to be rethought, such as what exactly is e-commerce, whether e-commerce is E-Commerce or E-Business, what is the scope of e-commerce, government procurement E-commerce or e-government, whether online advertising is e-commerce, e-commerce packages do not include ERP, how to calculate e-commerce transaction volume, etc.