Almost all animals and plants have some exceptions, such as humans and a few other animals, including apes, guinea pigs, red vent nightingales, a fruit-eating bat and a trout. This has led some scientists, including Paul, to assume that Linus has lost (or never had) the ability to produce his own vitamin C. If their diet is supplemented with many nutritional items, the amount of which is the same as that produced by animal species that synthesize their own vitamin C, it will produce better health.
1928 was the first time to isolate vitamin c, and 1932 proved that it was a drug to avoid scurvy. Albert saint-gee? Rgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1937 for this feat.
Vitamin C is a weak acid, also known as ascorbic acid or salty and sweet ascorbate. It is the enantiomer D- enantiomer of L- ascorbic acid and shows no biological activity. Both are graphs reflecting the molecular structure of the same chemistry.
The active part of the substance is ascorbic acid ion, which can be expressed as neutral or weakly basic acid or ascorbate. Commercial vitamin C is usually a mixture of ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate and/or other ascorbate salts. Some supplements partially contain D- enantiomers, which are useless and harmless. For a complete description of molecular chemical characteristics, please refer to the article on ascorbic acid.
[edit]
Move in the body
For example, for hydroxylated participants, vitamin C is necessary for gauze to produce collagen. These fibers are everywhere in the body except the flexible structure. Some thin gauze fabrics have a good percentage of collagen, especially: peeling, mucosa, teeth, and hard bones.
Vitamin C is a neurotransmitter in the nervous system or adrenal gland, which requires the combination of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Vitamin C is also necessary for the synthesis of carnitine, which is very important for the energy movement of cell mitochondria.
The tissue structure with the highest vitamin C content in plasma is 100 times of adrenal gland, pituitary gland, thymus gland, corpus luteum and retina.
Brain, spleen, lung, testis, lymph nodes, liver, thyroid gland, small intestinal mucosa, white blood cells, pancreas, kidney and salivary glands usually have 10 to 50 in plasma.
Vitamin C is an antioxidant and ascorbate peroxidase as a substrate.
[edit]
vitamin c deficiency
There is no storage of ascorbic acid as the main function of the body organ, so if the digestive system does not consume fresh supplies, the body will soon exhaust itself, and if it does not start consuming vitamin C in time, it will eventually lead to the deficiency of scurvy (a vitamin deficiency), which will lead to illness and death.
[edit]
Acute scurvy
Acute scurvy has the following characteristics.
Easily injured, or injured due to no obvious factors.
Release teeth
Surface bleeding
The fragility of blood vessels
Shake off poverty
Compromise immunity
Mild anemia
Scurvy caused by massive internal bleeding is ultimately fatal, which is a common situation for sailors and winter. Acute scurvy is very rare in industrialized countries now.
[edit]
Daily requirement and dosage, family influence
In order to maintain the best health of human beings, the scientific community has been arguing about the optimal dosage scheme (quantity and intake frequency) of vitamin C [1].
[edit]
Recommended absorption level of government agencies
A balanced diet without supplement contains enough vitamin C, which can prevent ordinary healthy adults from suffering from acute scurvy. Because smokers, stressed people and pregnant women eat more.
Agents in different countries have made recommendations on vitamin C intake according to the following items:
40 mg daily: Food Standards Agency (UK) [2]
60-95mg a day, reference intake (DRI) and recommended daily allowance (RDA), US Food and Nutrition Commission, 2004 [3].
[edit]
Independent dose recommendation
Some scientists criticized the dose recommendations of government agencies for the following reasons. [Reference Requirements]
They don't consider individual differences, such as age and weight. For example, heavier people usually need more vitamin C.
Physical manifestations and quantity need to avoid acute forms of disease deficiency, which is not even recognized when it is subclinical.
Regardless of the number of diseases that need to be avoided.
Don't consider the best health, because health aims to be slightly better than malnutrition.
Some researchers have calculated the amount of vitamin C that an adult needs to reach a similar serum vitamin C level in mammals according to the following formula:
Linos recommended 6000- 18000 mg per day.
Daily-Thomas tax 6000- 12000 mg, recommended by doctors in Colorado.
3000 mg or more per day during illness or pregnancy (up to 300 g for some diseases)-recommended by Vitamin C Foundation. [8]
400 mg per day-Linus Paul Institute &; Recommended by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
According to the record described by Robert Cathcart (that is, 4% of vitamin C in the expanded dose overflowed at the time of input), it was from 3,000 mg to 200,000 mg per day until diarrhea developed, and then the highest dose (intestinal tolerance threshold) that did not cause diarrhea was selected. High dose (thousands of milligrams) may cause diarrhea, but it is harmless if the dose is reduced immediately. Some researchers [4] require that the onset of diarrhea is a real indicator of vitamin C that the body needs to lie down. Cathcart[4] and Cameron both proved that very uncomfortable patients with cancer or flu showed no signs of diarrhea at all until the intake of ascorbate reached a level as high as 200 grams (? Strike hard)
However, the biological half-life of vitamin C is quite short, about 30 minutes in plasma, which NIH and IM researchers still don't know. Researchers at the National Institutes of Health in the United States have determined that the current RDA is based on the fact that testing leads to 12 hours (24.5 life) after consumption. "It's dull," said the machine. "The National Institutes of Health gave a waiting dose of vitamin C until it was excreted, and then measured the blood [fluid] level." [9]
Although not all the benefits of rumors are supported by medicine, the support movement for high-dose vitamin C is still very strong. Many organizations supporting vitamins promote that it far exceeds the current dietary reference intake (DRI).
[edit]
Application and dosage of treatment
Vitamin c is needed to avoid scurvy in the diet. However, since it was available in the pure form of 1930, some practitioners have experimented with diseases other than scurvy with vitamin C. Most celebrities practice in Redsville, North Carolina, usually doctor Fred R. Kleiner. He used vitamin C orally and intravenously to treat various infections and poisoning. He published a paper in 1949, describing how he saw a large enough dose of vitamin C to produce polio.
[edit]
heart disease
Vitamin C is used for heart disease, and the other two are free acids containing amino acids and nicotinic acid (a form of vitamin B 3). Linos Pauling, which has been patented for treatment, is the main part of the three components.
[edit]
Viral diseases and poisons
When used as a low-cost and safe method, orthomolecular drugs and some scientific views believe that vitamin C can treat viral diseases and various poisons.
Thanks to the recommendation of the famous biochemist Linus Paul, the role of vitamin C in treating colds and colds is more and more widely known. Since Pauling's best-selling book came out, it is still difficult to understand the general consensus that vitamin C and RDA in health and medicine are greater than vitamin C. In this study, the dosage of ascorbate is determined by the grams per day, but it is related to the shortened cold period and severe symptoms, which may be the result of the action of antihistamines [10]. The highest dose therapy has published the clinical results of the specific positive molecule therapy advocated by doctors. Klenner (repeated treatment for 4 times, 400-700+mg/kg/ day) and Cathcart (tolerance to oral intestine, up to ~150g ascorbate to treat colds) have been kept silent experimentally by the competent departments of traditional medicine for decades.
The Vitamin C Foundation suggests that 8 grams of vitamin C[ 13] should be used every 20-30 minutes initially to show the effect on the symptoms of ongoing cold infection. Most studies show no effect, such as 100 mg, using a daily dose of 500 mg, which is considered "small" by vitamin C advocates. Equally important, the half-life of high-dose plasma ascorbate is about 30 minutes, which shows that most high-dose research methods are flawed and are expected to represent the lowest benefit. For pharmacological reasons, the clinical trial of single dose supplement is effective, which is rarely reported in the literature. The essence of high-dose vitamin C is still refuted by science. The clinical efficacy of taking a large amount of vitamin C frequently is an open scientific issue.
In 2002, meta imported all published studies on the efficacy of ascorbic acid in the treatment of infectious diseases, and the toxin was introduced, and Thomas, the medical director of the Colorado Unified Doctor Center in Denver, was taxed at hand. He asked for evidence of the therapeutic effects of various types of viral infections and the existence of therapeutic bites of snakes.
[edit]
lead poisoning
There is also evidence that vitamin C helps to avoid lead poisoning and may help to chelate toxic heavy metals in the body. [ 14]
[edit]
Cancer constellation
In 2005, in an in vitro study by the National Health Bureau, it was pointed out that vitamin C, which was first administered with pharmacological concentration (i.e. intravenous injection), was toxic to some cancer cells. The authors note: "These findings have an unexpected meaning. Intravenous ascorbic acid seems to be a reasonable cancer treatment, and H2 O2 may be beneficial to the treatment of infection." This study seems to support Linos Pauling's statement that vitamin C can be used to fight cancer. [5]
[edit]
cataract
Others think that vitamin C can avoid the formation of great waterfalls. [6]
[edit]
Other influences
[edit]
Prohibition of symptoms
In the United States, the upper limit of tolerable intake (UL) for a 25-year-old man is 2,000 mg/day. Vitamin C is considered as one of the least toxic substances known in medicine. The LD50 of it to rats were 1 1, 900 mg kg-1[15], [16] and [17].
The main concern is that people don't talk because of unusual or overloaded situations, including hemochromatosis. Vitamin c can promote the absorption of iron. This will happen if the iron victim is overloaded, and Dick will make the dose of vitamin C according to the specified size. They may make the situation worse, because the absorption of iron has been improved and iron is overloaded.
Insufficient glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6 PD) level is a genetic disease, which may make some people prefer certain foods and drugs to specific oxygen gifts after ingesting hemolytic anemia. This includes repeated trials, that is, high-dose intravenous injection or oral vitamin C is a test for G6 PD deficiency [18]. High dose of vitamin E is considered as a potential protective factor.
[edit]
side effect
If the intake exceeds the threshold of individual variables, vitamin C will cause diarrhea for everyone. Cathcart[4] called it the intestinal tolerance limit, and observed that people with serious diseases had higher intestinal tolerance limit than healthy people. In healthy individuals, such as those who use AIDS and cancer, it ranges from 5 to 25 grams per day to 300 grams per day. Although it may be inconvenient, the side effects of diarrhea are harmless. Once the dose is reduced, diarrhea will stop.
Large doses of vitamin C may cause acid indigestion (stomach upset), especially on an empty stomach. This unpleasant but harmless side effect can be avoided by taking vitamins with meals or by taking antacids (such as sodium bicarbonate) to make up for its sour taste.
[edit]
A statement of harmful effects
Reports on the harmful effects of vitamin C are easily accepted by the global media. Similarly, these reports are easy to produce, and there are many debates and in-depth studies on vitamin C. Some harmful effects described below have been proved unreasonable in later studies, while others are still under further analysis.
1April, 998, the diary naturally reported that the claimed carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of excessive vitamin C were noticed in the test tube experiment and in two of the 20 marked people who only used free radicals to destroy DNA. They are not supported by further evidence from biology. [7]
In April 2000, a researcher at the University of Southern California reported that people who took high doses of vitamin C had thickened carotid arteries. Later, it was pointed out by vitamin C advocates that they could fully explain the role of vitamin C collagen in thicker and stronger arterial walls. (referee. Section 6 10)
In June 2004, researchers at Duke University reported that bone susceptibility increased-feeding guinea pigs a diet rich in vitamin C can treat arthritis. A study was conducted in Ume in 2003? In Swedish universities, it is found that "the plasma levels of vitamin C, retinol and uric acid are inversely proportional to the variables of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity."
The risk in kidney calculi has increased, which is considered deeply and may be greater than the normal number (>; 1 g side effects of taking vitamin c). The potential mechanism of action is that vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is metabolized to dehydroascorbic acid, and then the substance is alternately acetooxalic acid, which is a known component in kidney calculi. However, this issue is still controversial. The evidence is presented as [8], and there is also the possibility of opposing the effect of [9]. Vitamin B 6 can alleviate this danger by reducing the production of oxalate. Furthermore, thiamine can inhibit the formation of oxalate. In addition, correcting any magnesium deficiency [1 1] can reduce the risk of kidney calculi by reducing oxalate crystallization. Increasing mobile intake also helps to avoid oxalate crystallization in the kidney. There is evidence that a person's intestinal plants will affect how much vitamin C is converted into oxalate. Patients who use pre-digestion to form oxalate stones or hemodialysis patients should avoid excessive use of vitamin C.
[ 12][ 13][ 14]
"Rebound scurvy" is theoretically, it has never been observed what will happen when the daily intake of vitamin C is rapidly reduced from a very large amount to a relatively low amount. Supporters believe that this is an exaggeration of the recombination effect, because the dependent enzyme reaction will last for 24-48 hours after the intake of ascorbic acid-is reduced and vitamin C is not supplemented. Its effect is to concentrate the blood [liquid] of serum vitamin C in a shorter time than normal. During this period, there is a slight risk of cold or cold infection due to decreased resistance. On some days, the enzyme reaction and serum returned to normal levels, and there was no need to take a lot of supplements. This is not indecent, it takes several weeks for zero vitamin C consumption to produce symptoms. It is a matter that people who take a lot of vitamin C need to know that they don't want to leave and suddenly take vitamin C in order to gradually reduce the dose. (referee. 6 para 4) This is a theoretical danger for those who are exposed to supplements-for example, if they do serious harm to themselves and are in a hospital without supplements, whenever they need normal or better levels of vitamin C to fight diseases (referee. [4] and look for the "main problem"). This time, many doctors and hospital staff do not know or manage large doses of supplements, so patients may have to rely on supplements brought to them by friends or relatives.
Some authors [15] have recognized the theoretical danger of copper malabsorption caused by high dose of vitamin C, although there is some experimental evidence to support this. However, the level of ceruloplasmin seems to be significantly reduced due to high vitamin C intake. In one study, taking 600 mg of vitamin C every day did not reduce the copper absorption or copper status of young men, but it led to a relatively low level of ceruloplasmin, similar to that caused by copper deficiency [16]. In addition, the level of ceruloplasmin decreased significantly [17].
There is a story that can induce a woman who is less than 4 weeks pregnant to have an abortion, and it is circulated in some folk therapies, which advocates about 12 grams of vitamin C every day. [18] However, this is not supported by scientific research. [ 19]
The recent research on helping to use vitamins E and C as much as possible still does not show any benefits in preventing oxidative stress from causing offspring [20], but it does increase the proportion of low birth weight infants who endure the research. [2 1]
[edit]
The source of vitamin c
Vitamin C has been obtained from the diet of a considerable number of people in the world. The most abundant natural sources are fruits and vegetables, among which camu camu fruits and billygoat plums contain the highest vitamins. It also exists in some parts of meat, especially in the liver. Vitamin C is the most widely used nutritious non-staple food and beverage, which is made of flat plate and pure ascorbic acid crystal, and can be provided in capsules or as ordinary powder in various forms.
[edit]
Planting source
Rosehip is a kind of vitamin C fruit (orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime), and tomatoes and potatoes are particularly rich sources of vitamin C. Good sources usually include papaya, broccoli and other foods with good sources of vitamin C, such as Brussels sprouts, black raisins, strawberries, broccoli, spinach, cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, cranberries and red peppers.
When the gooseberry tree in India is one of the richest known sources of vitamin C, Phyllanthus emblica is often mentioned (fresh pulp or juice is less than 720mg/100g)-it contains 30 times as much as that found in oranges.
The content of vitamin C in plant foods depends on:
Precise plant species,
Soil condition
The climate in which it grows,
The length of time has been selected,
Storage situation,
The method of preparation. Cooking in individual projects is often thought to destroy vitamin C-but pies can be seen in food preparation.
The shape of the table below is approximate, indicating the relative abundance of different raw meat factory sources. Every 100 mg of dead fruits or vegetables. By contrast, a teaspoon of pure vitamin C weighs 4500 mg. .
Number of plant sources
Billy goat plum 3 150
Camu Camu 2800
Lycium barbarum 2500
Rose hip 2000
Acerola cherry 1600
Amla 720
Seabuckthorn 600
Zaoshu 500
Baby tree 400
Blackcurrant 200
Red pepper 190
Parsley 130
Guava 100
Kiwifruit 90
Broccoli 90
Big raspberry 80
Red gooseberry 80
Brussels sprout 80
Litchi 70
Persimmon 60
Papaya 60
Number of plant sources
Strawberry 60
Orange 50
Lemon 40
Melon, cantaloupe 40
Cauliflower 40
Grapefruit 30
Ruble 30
Juzi 30
Too elegant orange 30
Strong emotional fruit 30
Spinach 30
Cabbage is green 30
Treat 20 with lime
Mango 20
Melon, honeydew melon 20
Tomato 10
Vaccinium 10
Pineapple 10
Papaya 10
Grape 10
Acid-producing