(C. Ptolemaeus, about 90- 168) thinks that the earth is the center of the universe. this
This theory was supported by the church and dominated astronomy for a long time. Until 1543 Copernicus (n
Heliocentrism of Copernicus, 1473- 1543). However, due to the inconsistency between Heliocentrism and the Bible, it was received from the beginning.
The opposition of the church was accused of heresy. 1600, astronomer g Bruno (1548- 1600) was appointed as an astronomer.
The church was burned alive on the charge that he supported Copernicus and dared to say that the earth was not the center of the universe. As will be seen below,
The dispute between Heliocentrism and geocentric theory is also the persecution of the famous scientist Galileo (G. Galiei, 1564- 1642).
The main reason for imprisonment.
enlighten
Science cannot be killed. Less than ten years after Bruno's death, Galileo invented the astronomical telescope and developed it.
The gateway to modern astronomy. He pointed this ingenious instrument at the sky and observed many things that people could not see with the naked eye.
Phenomenon. For example, he discovered the unevenness on the surface of the moon and broke the view that "celestial bodies are all ideal spheres"; find
Analyze the movement of sunspots on the sun and infer the rotation of the sun. We also found a disguised four moons of Venus and Jupiter. he
Excited to realize that these new discoveries are a strong support for Heliocentrism. He wrote his ideas to Germany.
China astronomer J Kepler (157 1- 1630) received enthusiastic support from Kepler. However, for the sake of
Galileo was much more cautious than Bruno in expressing his views and would not be persecuted by the church. He tried to cooperate with religious circles.
Established contact and made some church friends. Because of his many important inventions in physics and astronomy, he was once known as
Win the respect of the church.
Galileo thought there would be no danger in doing so, and began to support Copernicus' theory unabashedly in his correspondence.
His novel ideas and vivid writing style have attracted more and more people. But a member of the church who was Galileo's friend,
At this time, they stood opposite him and attacked him with the Bible. These people have never seen the sky with binoculars, but they are open.
However, he denied what Galileo saw. Most people who lack scientific knowledge think that the sun goes around the earth. face
These, Galileo's heart is contradictory. He firmly believes in scientific facts and fears persecution. In a letter to a friend,
He said sadly: "Now these things (referring to astronomical discoveries) are in front of my eyes, just like touching them with my hands.
But instead of supporting them and opposing superior officers, we should close our eyes. "However, porch.
Colorful nature strongly attracted him, and the spirit of pursuing truth made him quickly change this state of "closing his eyes"
Attitude, he risked his life again. His article is euphemistic, but it clearly supports Copernicus' theory. This kind of line
This angered the church and the Vatican decided to impose sanctions on Galileo.
Trial of 16 16
1665438+February, 2006 19, the theological consultant of the censorship department began to examine the following two propositions: first, the sun is fixed in the universe.
Zhou center; Second, the earth has two kinds of movements: rotation and rotation around the sun. 24, bachelor of god held a critical meeting, the conclusion is:
These two propositions are "fallacy" and "unreasonable in reason", and "there are many annotations about the meaning of the Bible and the godfather's bachelor's degree"
Contradictions are indeed heresy. "Under the judgment, 1 1 theologians signed their names.
On February 25th, Pope Paul V personally ordered Bishop Paramino to call Galileo and told him to fight back as soon as possible.
Province, and ordered him not to publicize, support and discuss analogies, otherwise he will be imprisoned. The next day, under strict circumstances.
In the inquisition, Galileo was forced to obey the church and denied the movement of the earth. On March 5, the banned books department
(that is, the book censorship department) was ordered by the Pope to ban books and gave all support including Galileo's related works.
Movable books are on the banned list, and Copernicus's theory of celestial movement is naturally on the banned list. The banned books department gave it to Gary
The short sentence reads as follows: "The theory of earthquake motion is absurd, contrary to the Bible, which may endanger public belief ..... and must not be used."
Any form of propaganda of Copernicus theory. "
Why does the church oppose the "earthquake theory"? Some people say that they are carrying out the "ignorance policy". Actually, it's not.
Don't hold their wisdom too high, because they also believe that the sun goes around the earth. According to the Bible, human beings
God created it, and the earth where human beings live should be the center of the universe. How can a church with the Bible as its spiritual pillar tolerate it?
Allow others to preach deviant theories?
Because Galileo expressed "repentance" and considered his prestige in society, the church released him. the Pope
The bishops were so proud of their "victory" that they seemed to stop the rotation of the earth under their orders.
masterpiece
Galileo, who came out of the Inquisition, felt "hopeless". Give up being loved. The theory you support is
What a painful thing! After returning to his hometown of Florida, he had to do experiments quietly in the laboratory, but he didn't dare to throw it all away.
Everything we found was made public, not to mention the movement of the earth. However, he made exciting achievements again and again in the experiment.
Fruit, rekindled his fire of hope; The voices of his friends inspired him to promote science. 1623
In 1998, he finally published a book "Experimental Collection" summarizing his experimental results. As soon as the book was published, it won.
A lot of praise. This book was accepted by the church because it did not involve Copernicus' theory and avoided words that contradicted the Bible.
Recognition. Galileo was glad that he went to Rome the next year. He not only made friends with some Vatican officials, but also visited the new Pope Wu.
Two nations, VIII. The Pope was once a friend of Galileo, and also wrote a short Latin poem in 1629.
Celebrate Galileo's astronomical discovery. When he first ascended the throne of the Pope, he accepted Galileo's "experimental collection" and presented it to him.
A rose stands for trophy, and a rose stands for gold medal and silver medal.
With the improvement of his relationship with church people, Galileo thought he could conduct scientific research more boldly. He went home
Later, through in-depth and meticulous research, the correctness of Copernicus' theory was further proved. However, he did not forget 16 16.
At the trial in 2000, he renounced Copernicus. Now that the conditions are good, do you want to publicize your correctness?
What about the point of view? How can we avoid persecution by the church? After careful consideration, he decided to announce it in a clever way.
Inherit Copernicus' theory. He wrote a book, Dialogue between Two World Systems, in which Toler was discussed in the form of a three-person dialogue.
Mei's geocentric theory and Copernicus's Heliocentrism are opposite. One of them represents Ptolemy and the other represents Copernicus.
There is also a bystander who judges the discussion of the first two people. He actually supported Copernicus on behalf of Galileo.
Yes, but actually you can't see which side Galileo himself is on. This book took three years to complete on 1629.
First draft.
1630 In May, Galileo went to Rome again with Dialogue and asked the church for permission to print it. Responsible for book review
Bishop Riccati read Galileo's manuscript and thought that he had not considered the situation in 16 16, so he ordered him to go ahead.
After adding some preface and postscript, it shows that the so-called Copernican theory is only a hypothesis, and all the collected evidence against Ptolemy theory has been proved.
The reason is not to point out its mistakes, but to establish a communication class through backtracking. Galileo complied, preface.
At the beginning, he wrote in a tone of defending the church: "A few years ago, in order to eliminate the dangerous tendency of the contemporary era, Rome
(The church) issued an edict in favor of the whole world, forbidding people to talk about Pythagoras school in time.
Go ahead. Some people openly and shamelessly claimed that this decree was issued without a fair investigation of the problem.
Caused by lack of passion. You can also hear some complaints. Judges who are completely amateurs in astronomical observation should not be hasty.
A ban on rational thinking. "In fact, the remarks he accused are his own correct views.
But he pretended to object, and then wrote, "Hearing such arrogance, my enthusiasm is gone."
I can't help it As I fully understand this prudent decision, I am determined to be a witness to this solemn fact.
People make public appearances on the world stage. "In this way, the purpose of his writing this book seems to be to clarify the truth, in order to
Maintain the reputation of the church. When Urbon VIII knew that Galileo was going to publish a new book, he forced the bishop to give it to his secretary.
(Ciampoli) asked everything, and the secretary replied to reassure him that everything was going according to the law. The Pope thinks Jia
Lislett has "reformed", allowed to print without reading his manuscript and summoned him.
After Galileo returned to Florence, after some minor twists and turns, the dialogue was published in 1632.
This book was approved by the examiner in Florence and approved by Bishop Ligadi. These bishops who don't know astronomy,
I don't know Galileo's real intention.
In fact, the dialogue is by no means what the preface says. In order to maintain the church, this is actually a kind of propaganda with the church.
The spread of geocentric theory is tit for tat. The book lists a large number of facts, demonstrates Copernicus' theory and deals with each other's difficulties. example
Some people say that if Venus goes around the sun, it should have the same disguise as the moon, but no one has seen its profit and loss! alley
In short, Venus in disguise can be clearly seen by using a telescope. He also took Jupiter as an example to draw and explain lines.
The retrograde, forward and backward movements of stars show that the earth and other planets are orbiting the sun. Besides, it's hard to believe
A ball as big as this will spin on its own, but through the fact that the sun rotates listed in the book, readers will naturally think that since Pang
The big sun can also rotate, why can't the earth rotate compared with the small abnormal one? This book also uses four moons of Jupiter.
The discovery of stars supports Copernicus' theory. He described: the shape of these satellites changes with the shape of the moon we see.
The moon is also a satellite of the earth. In the process of revolving around the sun, the earth took away the moon.
Just like Jupiter and its moons.
Dialogue not only has high academic value, but also has lively form and vivid language, which can be called dialogue in the history of science.
Masterpiece. The book was warmly welcomed by people as soon as it was published, and people were more convinced by comparing the two world views.
Baini's Theory At this time, the theologians of the church took the book and examined it carefully before they understood the real purpose of Galileo.
They were very angry and regretted that the book should not be published. Pope Urban VIII thought he was influenced by Galileo.
Deception, more angry is that Galileo and the past friendship have long been forgotten. Just then, someone came.
The Pope falsely accused Galileo of insulting the Pope through the character simplicio (representing Ptolemy) in the book.
This is undoubtedly adding fuel to the fire of the angry Pope. He and the bishops agreed that after Galileo was punished in 16 16,
If you do it again, you must be severely punished.
Trial in 1633
1632 In August, Bishop Riccardi sent an urgent notice to the printing bureau, demanding that the sale of Galileo Dialogues be stopped. At the same time,
Send this book to the theological society for inspection. The result of the review is that although Galileo used some implicit and ambiguous language, after all,
It offends the order accepted by 16 16, because the ground motion theory is regarded as a fact rather than a hypothesis in the book, and it is proved in many ways. Soon,
Galileo was ordered to stand trial in Rome before the end of 10. Galileo's request, nearly seventy years old, was sickly.
He was tried in Florence, but the Pope firmly refused. In June165438+1October 19, he issued another decree. At this time, Galileo's health deteriorated.
The doctor wrote down the certificate truthfully: "Galileo is ill in bed." He may not be able to reach Rome and go to another world. "
Some friends of Galileo also went to the Pope to intercede, hoping to exempt him from his trip to Rome. But the Pope doesn't care about Jia.
Lilio's life and death order: If Galileo doesn't come to Rome again, he will be "arrested according to the routine that the defendant can't be brought to court for trial!"
It means to torture him and take him to Rome. Galileo had to go on the road with the help of his friends and go through all the hardships.
/kloc-0 came to Rome at the beginning of June 33, and was imprisoned by the Inquisition.
The first court session was held in April of the following year 12. There are two main problems in the trial: first, the defendant is talking.
In violation of the book ban, it is illegal to publicize the abandonment of 16 16. The defendant is convinced that he is.
It is illegal to think that the prohibition theory is still valid. For the first one, Galileo replied like this: I accidentally offended.
Ptolemy's arguments are willing to correct personal works and give up all the arguments I protect. But the judges didn't think he was
"Unintentional", they concluded in unison, in the dialogue, the author clearly supported the theory of geodynamics, so he was determined to have it.
Illegal behavior. Regarding the second article, Galileo said that he never believed Copernicus' theory, but only regarded it as a hypothesis.
The judges didn't believe it, but they couldn't produce the evidence that Galileo believed, so they had to report it to the Pope. Pope June 16
He ordered that Galileo could be subjected to a "severe examination", that is, extorting a confession by torture, and said that if Galileo did not plead guilty, he could be convicted and punished.
By death or imprisonment.
The second court session was held on June 2 1. The judge asked, "Do you believe in the rotation of the earth?" Galileo replied
Tao: "16 16 years ago, I thought Ptolemy and Copernicus had the same academic value. Ever since I received the injunction,
I only regard Ptolemy's theory as an unchanging truth. "Obviously, this is what he was forced to say against his will.
Officials will definitely not believe it. In order to make Galileo confess the "guilt" of "believing in the earth", the judge shouted to Galileo:
"Your book is absolutely inconsistent with the confession. You must tell the truth, or you will be punished! " But Galileo repeated it.
The words above. The judge was helpless. Seeing that he was white-haired and weak, he knew that he could not help but torture, probably.
He was about to meet God when he moved his punishment, so he brought him down.
The next day, Galileo accepted the trial. Because the church could not produce enough evidence to prove that Galileo was a "heretic",
He had to be judged as a "heretical suspect". The verdict is this: "... according to our orders, you are sent to this court for punishment."
You swear that this book (dialogue) was edited and published by you. ..... We reviewed and poured the wine carefully.
Consider your situation, consider what you admit and defend ... and make the following final judgment on you: we confirm, judge and announce.
You, Galileo, because of the circumstances proved in the above process and confirmed by you, this court believes that there is a major heresy.
Doubt means that you believe and abide by the wrong theory that contradicts the Bible, saying that the sun is the center of the earth's orbit.
It is not running from east to west, the earth is running, it is not the center of the world. "The judgment goes on to say that in this case,
Galileo should be sentenced to the stake, "only by giving up the above mistakes and heresies and sincerely pointing to you in front of us."
Set the formula to refuse, curse, hate mistakes and heresy, and we will allow you to be exempted from this punishment. "Galileo in order to avoid being
Burned to death, I had to read a repentance book in public: "I swear by the holy gospel that I laid my hand on, I refuse and hate me."
The heresy of the past, I repent and admit, my mistake is due to ambition and pure ignorance ... I now declare.
Bubu swears that the earth doesn't go around the sun ... "
In this way, Galileo gave up Copernicus' theory, in exchange for the "forgiveness" of the Inquisition, and finally announced the verdict:
With an open order, the book Dialogue was banned, Galileo was put in prison and asked to "read seven confessions a week for three years".
Regret a hymn. "
Experience in old age
After the 1633 judgment, Galileo lost his freedom forever. However, during the trial, many people in society
Some people support Galileo, and even some enlightened church people sympathize with him, so the Pope dare not be too hard on him.
Galileo was not put into prison like an ordinary prisoner. He was first imprisoned in a bishop's office in Rome at the end of the year.
He was taken to Arcetri (near Florence) and placed under house arrest. Since then, not only has he not been allowed to go out,
No one is allowed to visit him, let alone publish his works. Galileo, who intervened, spent a miserable life under house arrest.
Old age.
Although Galileo was forced to write a "repentance book", the old man's heart was unyielding. On the day of house arrest
In the past, he also worked hard to write a book, wrote an important physics book, Algorithm, and secretly asked a friend to bring it.
Published in Holland. But unfortunately, he didn't see the book with his own eyes, because at 1637, his eyes were blind.
Since then, his life has been more painful. The daughter who used to take care of his life has also passed away, and he is surrounded by a
No relatives. However, shortly after his blindness, the Inquisition slightly relaxed its surveillance on him and allowed him to receive him.
Visitors, so there are constantly domestic and foreign scholars visiting. 1639, one of his students came to his confinement place to take care of his life.
Live. At 164 1, another of his students, physicist Torricelli (E. Torricelli, 1608- 1647), also came.
To visit, these visits are naturally a great comfort to him. But Galileo, who was tortured, was in his twilight years.
Before he died, he held the book "Law of Motion" and murmured, "I thought it was the most valuable of all my works.
Yes, because it is the fruit of my extreme pain. "
1642 65438+1On October 8th, Galileo died at the age of 78. His devoted scientific career is still very important in the church.
Press down and expand. 1687, Newton (I.Newton, 1642- 1727) wrote the immortal Mathematics of Natural Philosophy.
Principle ",from the law of universal gravitation and other mechanical laws comprehensively demonstrated Copernicus's theory, making it stand in
Invincible. However, the stubborn Vatican still refuses to withdraw the ban on ground operations. Until 1757, due to the center of the earth.
It was so unpopular that the banned books department had to delete books about Copernicus from the banned books list. 1822
On September 1 1, 2008, the banned books department passed a resolution to allow the publication of books teaching seismology. But in Galileo's case, the church
Or all kinds of maintenance. It was not until June 1979 1 1 that the Pope proposed a retrial of Galileo at the synod of bishops.
Case, soon rehabilitated for Galileo. Now, the theory of earth motion has become a well-known common sense, but we should not
Forget all the sufferings Galileo suffered for this.