Italian natural scientist: giordano bruno
/question/ 15249704.html
The story of Bell inventing the telephone /question/26748690.html
Nowadays, the telephone has entered thousands of households. Do you know who invented the telephone?
Bell is the man who invented the telephone. He was born in England on 1847. When he was young, he and his father taught the deaf together. He wants to make a machine that can make deaf people see sound with their eyes.
1873, Bell, who became a professor at Boston University in the United States, began to study the device of transmitting multiple telegrams on the same line-multiplex telegrams, and he sprouted the idea of using electricity to transmit people's voices to far places and let people thousands of miles away talk face to face. So bell began to study the telephone.
That was June 2nd, 1875. Bell and his assistant Watson are experimenting with multiple telegrams in two rooms respectively. An accidental accident inspired Bell. In Watson's room, there is a spring stuck to the magnet of the telegraph. When Watson pulled it away, it shook. At the same time, Bell was surprised to find that the spring on the telegraph in his room vibrated and made a sound. It is the current that transmits vibration from one room to another. Bell's mind suddenly broadened. He thought: If a person speaks to a piece of iron, the sound will cause the iron to vibrate; If an electromagnet is placed behind the iron sheet, the vibration of the iron sheet will inevitably produce large and small currents in the electromagnet coil. This fluctuating current travels far away along the wire, so won't the same vibration and sound appear on similar equipment in the distance? In this way, the sound travels far away along the wire. Isn't this the dream phone!
Bell and Watson made the telephone according to this new idea. In an experiment, a drop of sulfuric acid splashed on Bell's leg, causing him to shout, "Mr. Watson, I need you, please come to me!" " "This sentence reached Watson's ear by telephone through wires, and the telephone succeeded! 1On March 7th, 876, Bell became the patentee of telephone invention.
Bell obtained 18 patents in his life and 12 patents in cooperation with others. He envisions burying telephone lines in the ground or hanging them in the air, and connecting them to houses, villages and factories ... so that you can make phone calls directly from anywhere. Today, Bell's vision has become a reality.
Respondent: intermlanwang- Wulin League Leader, 16, 5-2 1 14:22.
Italian natural scientist: giordano bruno
Giordano bruno (1548- 1600) was a great thinker, natural scientist, philosopher and writer in the Italian Renaissance. He bravely defended and developed Copernicus's theory of the sun center and spread it all over Europe. He was praised by the world as a fearless fighter against the philosophy of the church and scholasticism and a martyr to defend the truth.
1548, Bruno was born in a declining small aristocratic family in Nora near Naples, Italy. When he was a teenager, his parents sent him to a private humanities school in Naples. Bruno studied in this school for six years. 1565, driven by a strong thirst for knowledge, Bruno entered the monastery of my friar Domingo and became a formal friar the next year. Bruno studied theology at the monastery school, and at the same time studied hard the ancient Greek and Roman languages and literature and oriental philosophy. 10 years later, he obtained a doctorate in theology and a priest's position.
Bruno not only studied in monastic schools, but also often participated in some social activities at that time, and had close contacts with some humanists. Under the strong influence of humanism at that time, Bruno read a lot of banned books, among which Copernicus's Theory of Celestial Movement and the works of the famous contemporary philosopher Trezzo (1508- 1588) had the greatest influence on him. He was attracted by Copernicus' theory, became interested in natural science and became suspicious of religious theology. He held a negative attitude towards the doctrines advocated by scholastics, wrote some papers criticizing the Bible, and showed his aversion to Christian saints in his daily behavior. Bruno's words and deeds angered the Vatican and he was excommunicated. The inquisition charged him? Quot heresy "but Bruno still sticks to his point of view and never wavers. In order to escape the trial, he left the monastery, fled to Rome and later moved to Venice. Because the Inquisition wanted him everywhere, there was no place for him in Italy. 1578, he crossed the Alps at an altitude of 4000 meters and went into exile in Switzerland. He was arrested and imprisoned in Geneva for strongly opposing Calvinism. 1579 Bruno came to Toulouse, an important town in southern France, to teach at a local university. In a debate, he made novel and bold remarks and attacked traditional views, which aroused the opposition of some reactionary professors and students in the school and forced him to leave Toulouse. 158 1 year, Bruno came to Paris to promote materialism and new astronomical views at the University of Paris, and was besieged by French Catholicism and Calvinism. 1583, he fled to London. This period is a period when his thoughts are completely mature and his creation is at its peak. Over the years, he has published several works written in Italian: A Banquet of China People on a Ash Pile, On Reason, Origin and Unity, On Infinity, Universe and Other Worlds, Driving Out Arrogant Beasts, The Secret of Flying Horse and Wild Donkey, On Hero's Enthusiasm and so on. These works are rich and vivid in language, sharp and pungent in exposition and rigorous in structure, which not only shows the sharp and fierce philosophical debate at that time, but also reflects his enthusiasm for propagating new ideas. In a debate at Oxford University, Bruno defended Copernicus' Sun Center, delivered a speech criticizing Ptolemy's geocentric theory, which was regarded as sacred by the church, and had a heated debate with scholastics, so Bruno was forbidden to give lectures again. Bruno returned to Paris on 1585. The following spring, the Sorbonne University, the oldest and most famous institution in Paris, organized a large-scale debate. In his speech, he once again showed his world view. Aristotle and Ptolemy, who were regarded as absolute authority by the church, were expelled from France again. Later, Bruno went to Germany and the Czech Republic to give lectures and drifted for six years. During his stay in Frankfurt, he published three more works written in Latin: On Three Minimums and Limits, On Monographs, Number and Form, and On Infinity and Countless.
Bruno widely publicized his new cosmology in Europe and opposed scholasticism, which further aroused the fear and hatred of the Roman Inquisition. 1592, the Romans lured him back to China and arrested him. The executioners tried various punishments, but Bruno still couldn't give in. He said: "The glaciers in the Caucasus will not cool the fire in my heart, even if I am burned to death like Servit." He also said: "Fighting for the truth is the greatest pleasure in life". After eight years of cruel torture, Bruno was burned to death at the stake. 1600 17 In the early morning of February, the solemn and stirring bell on the Romata pierced the night sky and spread to thousands of families. This is a signal to burn at the stake. The street leading to the Flower Square is crowded with people. Bruno was tied to the stake in the center of the square, and he solemnly announced to the onlookers: "Darkness is coming, dawn is coming, and truth will eventually overcome evil!" " Finally, he shouted: "Fire can't conquer me, and the future world will know me and know my value." The executioner gagged him with a cork and lit the fire. Bruno died heroically in the raging fire.
After Bruno's death, the Vatican was afraid that people would take away the ashes of this great thinker to commemorate him, so it hastily collected his ashes together with the soil and threw them into the Tiber River. But what's the use? 1On June 9th, 889, a bronze statue was erected in the flower square where Bruno died, in memory of this great thinker who shouted for truth and dedicated himself to science, and always remembered his courage and achievements.
In Bruno's hometown of Italy, Christian rule is deeply rooted, and various religious superstitions prevail among the people. At that time, it was very common for believers to worship idols and mummies But Bruno, who was baptized by modern humanism, sneered at all this. He is the most stubborn enemy of the Christian church. Bruno thinks the Catholic church's proposal about God's tools? Quot "Trinity" theory is wrong, and he holds a negative attitude towards the theories advocated by scholastic philosophers, such as "Variation Theory", "Conception Theory of Virgin Mary" and "Creation Theory of God". Bruno didn't even look at the image of a saint. He once returned the image of a Christian saint from his monk's room, which angered the church and persecuted it. He denounced religious leaders such as Luther and Calvin as "the most stupid people in the world", saying that they were "ignorant, far from culture and life, moldy and rotten in eternal pedantry". All they do is "cure the ulcer of decadent religion" and "repair the loopholes in the religious coat" In his books and speeches, Bruno elaborated on the harm of religion to science, philosophy, morality and social relations. He believes that religion obscures people's thoughts and hinders the development of science and philosophy. I hate monks of all ranks. He even shouted loudly: not only should the church property be nationalized, the economic strength of the church be destroyed, the construction of churches should be stopped and monasteries should be closed, but also the privileges of monks should be deprived and they should be forced to engage in social welfare work?
Bruno's outstanding contribution to philosophy is that, on the basis of inheriting and developing the fine traditions of ancient naive materialism and dialectics of nature, he absorbed the achievements of advanced philosophy and natural science in the Renaissance, demonstrated materialism and dialectics, and initiated modern materialism and dialectics. According to the latest achievement of contemporary natural science-Copernicus theory, he formed his own brand-new world view. He put forward and demonstrated that the universe is infinite and there are many worlds. He believes that the whole universe is infinite, and there is no fixed center or boundary at all. The earth is just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun is just one of countless stars in the universe. In the infinite universe, there are countless? Quot The world keeps emerging and dying, but as an infinite universe itself is eternal. Bruno not only abandoned the geocentric theory, but also crossed Heliocentrism of Copernicus and made a big step forward. He also put forward the theory of homogeneity between heaven and earth, holding that matter is the unified foundation of all natural phenomena.
Bruno clearly pointed out that everything in nature is in universal contact and is constantly moving and changing. This change is a process of continuous transformation of various forms contained in a unified material entity, and things are transformed into unity of opposites. Bruno also discussed. Quot the unity of opposites between "maximum" and "minimum" He pointed out that "in the universe, there is no difference between volume and point, between center and periphery, between finite and infinite, and between maximum and minimum". He regarded the principle of unity of opposites as the key to understanding nature and discovering truth, and raised this theory to the height of methodology. He came to the conclusion: "whoever wants to know the biggest secret of nature, please study and observe the maximum and minimum of contradiction and opposition." The profound magic lies in being able to get out of the junction early and then lead to the opposite side. " (Bruno: Dialogue, page 29 1) Bruno popularized this dialectical thought in society and daily life. He said: "It is impossible to have such a country, such a city, such a generation, such a family, whose members all have the same spleen and stomach, but have no contradictory and contradictory personalities? Quot He pointed out that Italy is not only the "root of all evils", but also the "brain and right hand of the earth" and the "teacher, nurturer and mother" of all virtues. Bruno inherited and developed ancient dialectics and became the greatest dialectical theorist in the Renaissance. He put forward some important dialectical principles and demonstrated them in detail, which made an important contribution to opposing the school view of medieval scholasticism.
Bruno believes that human history is constantly changing and advancing. He opposed the idea of beautifying ancient society as a "golden age". He advocates social change, but opposes transforming society by violent means. He regards reason and wisdom as the decisive force to transform society and overcome everything. But he can't see the social function of human practice.
Bruno's philosophy is a newly enlightened bourgeois philosophy and a peak of the development of philosophy in the Renaissance. Due to the limitation of history and class, his philosophical thought is still incomplete, but it has played an important role in promoting the later bourgeois revolution and the development of modern bourgeois materialism.
Bruno's life is a life of breaking with old ideas, fighting against reactionary religious forces and persistently pursuing truth. He praised Copernicus's theory as "like a luminous object, its appearance should make the ancient real scientific sun that has been buried in the blind, shameless and jealous hole of Montenegro for hundreds of years shine." Bruno defended and developed Copernicus' Heliocentrism with his life, which gave mankind a new understanding of celestial bodies and the universe. Bruno once commented on those great people who were full of passion, lit the light of reason and carried out creative activities in On Heroic Enthusiasm? Although they died for a while, they will live forever! "In fact, this is also the best evaluation for yourself.
The story of bell invented the telephone
Nowadays, the telephone has entered thousands of households. Do you know who invented the telephone?
Bell is the man who invented the telephone. He was born in England on 1847. When he was young, he and his father taught the deaf together. He wants to make a machine that can make deaf people see sound with their eyes.
1873, Bell, who became a professor at Boston University in the United States, began to study the device of transmitting multiple telegrams on the same line-multiplex telegrams, and he sprouted the idea of using electricity to transmit people's voices to far places and let people thousands of miles away talk face to face. So bell began to study the telephone.
That was June 2nd, 1875. Bell and his assistant Watson are experimenting with multiple telegrams in two rooms respectively. An accidental accident inspired Bell. In Watson's room, there is a spring stuck to the magnet of the telegraph. When Watson pulled it away, it shook. At the same time, Bell was surprised to find that the spring on the telegraph in his room vibrated and made a sound. It is the current that transmits vibration from one room to another. Bell's mind suddenly broadened. He thought: If a person speaks to a piece of iron, the sound will cause the iron to vibrate; If an electromagnet is placed behind the iron sheet, the vibration of the iron sheet will inevitably produce large and small currents in the electromagnet coil. This fluctuating current travels far away along the wire, so won't the same vibration and sound appear on similar equipment in the distance? In this way, the sound travels far away along the wire. Isn't this the dream phone!
Bell and Watson made the telephone according to this new idea. In an experiment, a drop of sulfuric acid splashed on Bell's leg, causing him to shout, "Mr. Watson, I need you, please come to me!" " "This sentence reached Watson's ear by telephone through wires, and the telephone succeeded! 1On March 7th, 876, Bell became the patentee of telephone invention.
Bell obtained 18 patents in his life and 12 patents in cooperation with others. He envisions burying telephone lines in the ground or hanging them in the air, and connecting them to houses, villages and factories ... so that you can make phone calls directly from anywhere. Today, Bell's vision has become a reality.
Italian natural scientist: giordano bruno
Giordano bruno (1548- 1600) was a great thinker, natural scientist, philosopher and writer in the Italian Renaissance. He bravely defended and developed Copernicus's theory of the sun center and spread it all over Europe. He was praised by the world as a fearless fighter against the philosophy of the church and scholasticism and a martyr to defend the truth.
1548, Bruno was born in a declining small aristocratic family in Nora near Naples, Italy. When he was a teenager, his parents sent him to a private humanities school in Naples. Bruno studied in this school for six years. 1565, driven by a strong thirst for knowledge, Bruno entered the monastery of my friar Domingo and became a formal friar the next year. Bruno studied theology at the monastery school, and at the same time studied hard the ancient Greek and Roman languages and literature and oriental philosophy. 10 years later, he obtained a doctorate in theology and a priest's position.
Bruno not only studied in monastic schools, but also often participated in some social activities at that time, and had close contacts with some humanists. Under the strong influence of humanism at that time, Bruno read a lot of banned books, among which Copernicus's Theory of Celestial Movement and the works of the famous contemporary philosopher Trezzo (1508- 1588) had the greatest influence on him. He was attracted by Copernicus' theory, became interested in natural science and became suspicious of religious theology. He held a negative attitude towards the doctrines advocated by scholastics, wrote some papers criticizing the Bible, and showed his aversion to Christian saints in his daily behavior. Bruno's words and deeds angered the Vatican and he was excommunicated. The inquisition charged him? Quot heresy "but Bruno still sticks to his point of view and never wavers. In order to escape the trial, he left the monastery, fled to Rome and later moved to Venice. Because the Inquisition wanted him everywhere, there was no place for him in Italy. 1578, he crossed the Alps at an altitude of 4000 meters and went into exile in Switzerland. He was arrested and imprisoned in Geneva for strongly opposing Calvinism. 1579 Bruno came to Toulouse, an important town in southern France, to teach at a local university. In a debate, he made novel and bold remarks and attacked traditional views, which aroused the opposition of some reactionary professors and students in the school and forced him to leave Toulouse. 158 1 year, Bruno came to Paris to promote materialism and new astronomical views at the University of Paris, and was besieged by French Catholicism and Calvinism. 1583, he fled to London. This period is a period when his thoughts are completely mature and his creation is at its peak. Over the years, he has published several works written in Italian: A Banquet of China People on a Ash Pile, On Reason, Origin and Unity, On Infinity, Universe and Other Worlds, Driving Out Arrogant Beasts, The Secret of Flying Horse and Wild Donkey, On Hero's Enthusiasm and so on. These works are rich and vivid in language, sharp and pungent in exposition and rigorous in structure, which not only shows the sharp and fierce philosophical debate at that time, but also reflects his enthusiasm for propagating new ideas. In a debate at Oxford University, Bruno defended Copernicus' Sun Center, delivered a speech criticizing Ptolemy's geocentric theory, which was regarded as sacred by the church, and had a heated debate with scholastics, so Bruno was forbidden to give lectures again. Bruno returned to Paris on 1585. The following spring, the Sorbonne University, the oldest and most famous institution in Paris, organized a large-scale debate. In his speech, he once again showed his world view. Aristotle and Ptolemy, who were regarded as absolute authority by the church, were expelled from France again. Later, Bruno went to Germany and the Czech Republic to give lectures and drifted for six years. During his stay in Frankfurt, he published three more works written in Latin: On Three Minimums and Limits, On Monographs, Number and Form, and On Infinity and Countless.
Bruno widely publicized his new cosmology in Europe and opposed scholasticism, which further aroused the fear and hatred of the Roman Inquisition. 1592, the Romans lured him back to China and arrested him. The executioners tried various punishments, but Bruno still couldn't give in. He said: "The glaciers in the Caucasus will not cool the fire in my heart, even if I am burned to death like Servit." He also said: "Fighting for the truth is the greatest pleasure in life". After eight years of cruel torture, Bruno was burned to death at the stake. 1600 17 In the early morning of February, the solemn and stirring bell on the Romata pierced the night sky and spread to thousands of families. This is a signal to burn at the stake. The street leading to the Flower Square is crowded with people. Bruno was tied to the stake in the center of the square, and he solemnly announced to the onlookers: "Darkness is coming, dawn is coming, and truth will eventually overcome evil!" " Finally, he shouted: "Fire can't conquer me, and the future world will know me and know my value." The executioner gagged him with a cork and lit the fire. Bruno died heroically in the raging fire.
After Bruno's death, the Vatican was afraid that people would take away the ashes of this great thinker to commemorate him, so it hastily collected his ashes together with the soil and threw them into the Tiber River. But what's the use? 1On June 9th, 889, a bronze statue was erected in the flower square where Bruno died, in memory of this great thinker who shouted for truth and dedicated himself to science, and always remembered his courage and achievements.
In Bruno's hometown of Italy, Christian rule is deeply rooted, and various religious superstitions prevail among the people. At that time, it was very common for believers to worship idols and mummies But Bruno, who was baptized by modern humanism, sneered at all this. He is the most stubborn enemy of the Christian church. Bruno thinks the Catholic church's proposal about God's tools? Quot "Trinity" theory is wrong, and he holds a negative attitude towards the theories advocated by scholastic philosophers, such as "Variation Theory", "Conception Theory of Virgin Mary" and "Creation Theory of God". Bruno didn't even look at the image of a saint. He once returned the image of a Christian saint from his monk's room, which angered the church and persecuted it. He denounced religious leaders such as Luther and Calvin as "the most stupid people in the world", saying that they were "ignorant, far from culture and life, moldy and rotten in eternal pedantry". All they do is "cure the ulcer of decadent religion" and "repair the loopholes in the religious coat" In his books and speeches, Bruno elaborated on the harm of religion to science, philosophy, morality and social relations. He believes that religion obscures people's thoughts and hinders the development of science and philosophy. I hate monks of all ranks. He even shouted loudly: not only should the church property be nationalized, the economic strength of the church be destroyed, the construction of churches should be stopped and monasteries should be closed, but also the privileges of monks should be deprived and they should be forced to engage in social welfare work?
Bruno's outstanding contribution to philosophy is that, on the basis of inheriting and developing the fine traditions of ancient naive materialism and dialectics of nature, he absorbed the achievements of advanced philosophy and natural science in the Renaissance, demonstrated materialism and dialectics, and initiated modern materialism and dialectics. According to the latest achievement of contemporary natural science-Copernicus theory, he formed his own brand-new world view. He put forward and demonstrated that the universe is infinite and there are many worlds. He believes that the whole universe is infinite, and there is no fixed center or boundary at all. The earth is just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun is just one of countless stars in the universe. In the infinite universe, there are countless? Quot The world keeps emerging and dying, but as an infinite universe itself is eternal. Bruno not only abandoned the geocentric theory, but also crossed Heliocentrism of Copernicus and made a big step forward. He also put forward the theory of homogeneity between heaven and earth, holding that matter is the unified foundation of all natural phenomena.
Bruno clearly pointed out that everything in nature is in universal contact and is constantly moving and changing. This change is a process of continuous transformation of various forms contained in a unified material entity, and things are transformed into unity of opposites. Bruno also discussed. Quot the unity of opposites between "maximum" and "minimum" He pointed out that "in the universe, there is no difference between volume and point, between center and periphery, between finite and infinite, and between maximum and minimum". He regarded the principle of unity of opposites as the key to understanding nature and discovering truth, and raised this theory to the height of methodology. He came to the conclusion: "whoever wants to know the biggest secret of nature, please study and observe the maximum and minimum of contradiction and opposition." The profound magic lies in being able to get out of the junction early and then lead to the opposite side. " (Bruno: Dialogue, page 29 1) Bruno popularized this dialectical thought in society and daily life. He said: "It is impossible to have such a country, such a city, such a generation, such a family, whose members all have the same spleen and stomach, but there are no contradictory and contradictory personalities? Quot He pointed out that Italy is not only the "root of all evils", but also the "brain and right hand of the earth" and the "teacher, nurturer and mother" of all virtues. Bruno inherited and developed ancient dialectics and became the greatest dialectical theorist in the Renaissance. He put forward some important dialectical principles and demonstrated them in detail, which made an important contribution to opposing the school view of medieval scholasticism.
Bruno believes that human history is constantly changing and advancing. He opposed the idea of beautifying ancient society as a "golden age". He advocates social change, but opposes transforming society by violent means. He regards reason and wisdom as the decisive force to transform society and overcome everything. But he can't see the social function of human practice.
Bruno's philosophy is a newly enlightened bourgeois philosophy and a peak of the development of philosophy in the Renaissance. Due to the limitation of history and class, his philosophical thought is still incomplete, but it has played an important role in promoting the later bourgeois revolution and the development of modern bourgeois materialism.
Bruno's life is a life of breaking with old ideas, fighting against reactionary religious forces and persistently pursuing truth. He praised Copernicus's theory as "like a luminous object, its appearance should make the ancient real scientific sun that has been buried in the blind, shameless and jealous hole of Montenegro for hundreds of years shine." Bruno defended and developed Copernicus' Heliocentrism with his life, which gave mankind a new understanding of celestial bodies and the universe. Bruno once commented on those great people who were full of passion, lit the light of reason and carried out creative activities in On Heroic Enthusiasm? Although they died for a while, they will live forever! "In fact, this is also the best evaluation for yourself.
Responder: Dragon and Tiger Magician-Trainee Magician Level 3 5-27 18:00
Copernicus was afraid of being ruled by the church and being opposed and persecuted, so he was unwilling to publish the theory of celestial bodies. 1543 On May 24th, Copernicus saw the newly published sample book "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies" on his deathbed.
Although Copernicus's "sun-centered theory" was vilified and attacked by religious forces and conservatives in the society after its publication, even those who believed in propagating this theory were brutally suppressed and persecuted, but Copernicus's theory still won the final victory. Copernicus and his theory of celestial bodies, like twinkling superstars in the dark night sky, shine forever.