Moreover, these three people think that penicillin is a natural product and is used by all mankind, so penicillin has no patent, and 1945 * * enjoys the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Then, when Schartz was a graduate student in Wachsman Laboratory, streptomycin isolated from actinomycetes was mainly used to treat pneumonia (which reminds me of Lu Xun's Blood Steamed Bread). Wa Heasman 1952 won the Nobel Prize. Then, as a magical medicine, antibiotics really entered a golden age, making our daily life everywhere.
However, it was later found that many pathogens were resistant to antibiotics, and the emergence of large-scale drug resistance of pathogens was also caused by the widespread use of human beings, of course, not just their own use. Many aquaculture industries use a lot of antibiotics, even more than humans. This is similar to Darwin's survival of the fittest. In the presence of antibiotics, those bacteria with drug-resistant genes will gain greater competitiveness and survive. Generally speaking, penicillin antibiotics mainly act on the cell wall of bacteria and generally contain? -lactams, while selecting drug-resistant bacteria to produce? -Lactamases break down or even inactivate these antibiotics. Other categories also have different types of drug resistance mechanisms.
Moreover, since the 1970s, no new antibiotics have been discovered, but the released antibiotics are all based on the maternal nuclear transformation of antibiotics discovered before the 1970s, and the years of resistance of pathogens to newly released antibiotics are getting shorter and shorter (see figure). These drug-resistant bacteria will also cause many infections in clinic, and even become superbugs!