China people made a beautiful "transparent mirror" more than 2, years ago, which can reflect the beautiful patterns behind the bronze mirror, thus arousing great interest of the world. In order to solve the mystery of "transparent mirror", scholars at home and abroad have spent hundreds of years researching and exploring, and it was not until modern times that it was discovered that this was because the mirror had slightly unequal curvature relative to the back pattern after manufacturing and processing, and the back pattern was reflected by reflection. This fully demonstrates China's superb mirror-making technology and profound understanding of light reflection characteristics in ancient times.
In the ancient Greek and Roman times in Europe; It also uses a slightly protruding polished metal plate as a mirror, and its non-reflective side is engraved with patterns. The earliest mirror was a hand mirror with a handle. By the 1st century A.D., there was a large mirror that could take the whole body. In the Middle Ages, hand mirrors were popular in Europe, usually silver or polished bronze mirrors. In the Middle Ages, small mirrors in exquisite ivory boxes or precious metal boxes became women's artistic mirrors.
As a fashionable product, glass mirrors with metal on the back appeared at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. By the Renaissance, Nuremberg and Venice had become famous mirror-making centers. At the beginning of 14th century, Venetians used tin foil and mercury to make mirrors on the back of glass. It looks very clear that convex lenses were made in Nuremberg in 15th century, when glass balls were made, a layer of tin amalgam was coated on the inside.
Modern mirrors are made by the method invented by German chemist Libiger in 1835. Silver nitrate is mixed with reducing agent to precipitate silver and attach it to the glass. The commonly used reducing agent is sugar or potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate. In 1929, the Pilton brothers in England improved this method by continuous silver plating, copper plating, painting and drying.
With the development of technology, the cost of mirrors has been reduced, and various curved mirrors have appeared, which makes the use of mirrors increasingly extensive, with more uses than reflecting appearance. For example, spherical rear-view parabolic mirrors used in automobiles, parabolic mirrors used for gathering in telescopes and reflecting parallel light in searchlights, etc.
The earliest
pastoral style
The silver-plated glass mirrors that can be seen all over the world today first started in Germany nearly 2 years ago. In 1835, German chemist justus von Justus von Liebig developed a method of coating a thin layer of metallic silver on one side of a transparent glass. This technology was soon improved, which provided conditions for mass production of mirrors.
Modern mirrors may have originated in the 19th century, but the origin of mirrors actually goes back a long way. A review published in the journal Optometry and Vision in 26 by Dr. Gay enoch, a visual scientist, pointed out that about 8, years ago, people in Anatolia, now Turkey, made the world's earliest mirror from polished obsidian.
Between 4 BC and 3 BC, mirrors made of polished copper appeared in Mesopotamia (today's Iraq) and Egypt. About 1 years later, people in Central America and South America began to make mirrors out of polished stone. At the same time, China and Indians made mirrors out of bronze. In the first century AD, the Roman writer Pliny the Elder mentioned the earliest record of using glass mirrors in his encyclopedia Natural History, but these mirrors were obviously not widely used at that time.
Throughout history, various kinds of mirrors have appeared in different civilizations at different times, but naturally they should be called the true inventors of mirrors. Enoch wrote: "A calm pool and a rock or clay container filled with water may be the earliest mirrors." Of course, these natural mirrors are far from the hand-made mirrors today.
but not everyone in the world likes mirrors. In the 197s, when an anthropologist brought the mirror to the isolated Biami tribe in Papua New Guinea, people here were full of fear, not fascination.
historical connotation
novel mirror
The ancient mirror means big basin, and its name is Jian. Shuowen said: "The prison can take water from the bright moon, because it can follow the line, so it is used as a mirror." At the beginning of the three dynasties, the prison was made of tiles, so there was no gold beside the prison word in ancient times. In the early years of Shang dynasty, bronze Jian began to be cast, and later the characters of Jian also had gold characters. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, although there were bronze mirrors, tile mirrors were still popular. It was not until the Qin Dynasty that bronze mirrors were cast, because mirrors were better than mirrors in many aspects, so after the Qin Dynasty, water was no longer used as mirrors. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the use of mirrors was more extensive and the production of mirrors was more sophisticated. Its materials include gold, silver, copper, iron, etc., with copper as the most, gold-plated silver, gold and silver on its back, or inlaid with gold and silver wires. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there have been all kinds of patterns with handles and squares. It was not until the end of the Ming Dynasty that glass was used as a mirror. After Qianlong in Qing dynasty, glass began to flourish among the people. Until the early Republic of China, a few remote areas still used copper as a mirror.
Mo Mu, also known as the ugly girl. Five thousand years ago, in order to stop the tribe's "marriage robbery" incident, the Yellow Emperor specially chose an ugly woman (named Mo Mu) who was virtuous, gentle and ugly as his fourth wife. The Yellow Emperor also said: "Those who value beauty over virtue are not really beautiful, and those who value virtue over color are true sages." 5 years ago, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou, surrendered Shennong, quelled the war, unified the three tribes, ended the barbaric era, and mankind has just begun to enter a civilized society. Dressing clothes, building boats and cars, and dressing up have also become essential things in everyone's daily life. At that time; In order to tidy up their unkempt appearance, the ancestors often faced a basin of water, or stood by the calm river and water to tidy up. Therefore, it is recorded in ancient books that this kind of "looking in the mirror" is called "in view of water" So, what does this have to do with Mo Mu?
according to legend, the first mirror used by human beings was discovered and made by Mo Mu. At that time, people in The Yellow Emperor's Palace often stood by the water to reflect their faces and dress up. Mo Mu thinks he is ugly, so he doesn't go to the water's edge to dress himself easily, and he doesn't show his face casually during festivals. I only know how to work around the Yellow Emperor all day. On one occasion, Tongyu asked Mo Mu to go up the mountain with her to dig a slate. Without saying anything, Mo Mu
kitchen knife and mirror
went up the mountain with Tongyu's name Mo Mu. Mo Mu has great strength and can dig slate faster than other women. I dug more than 2 pieces in less than half a day. At this time, the sun is at noon, and the sun shines on the earth. Mo Mu suddenly found a shining stone in the stone pile, and the sunlight was very dazzling.
Mo Mu bent down and gently dug it out of the ground with his hand. When he held it in his hand, he was startled. What kind of monster is this? His ugly face is all on this piece of stone. Even she feels strange! She quietly hid this piece of stone in her body and went back to The Yellow Emperor's Palace without telling anyone about it. When no one was around, she took the stone piece out again and found that the plane of the stone piece was uneven. The faces reflected on it are strange. Mo Mu went to the factory building where stone knives and axes were made, and found a millstone. He pressed the stone piece on it and rubbed it repeatedly. It didn't take much time, and all the stone pieces were smooth on the surface. She used it to take a picture, which was much clearer than before. It's just that my face is still so ugly. She grinded it for a while, picked it up and took another photo. She was still ugly. Mo Mu sighed to himself and said, "It seems that ugly faces can't blame stone pieces (mirrors)."
From then on, Mo Mu never went to the river or the water to dress up. Get up every morning, according to the stone, tidy up yourself, and then hide quietly after use. Over time, Mo Mu also careless. Once, Mo Mu helped Tongyu's cook meat on the slate. Due to excessive firepower, the slate was blown up, and a piece of rubble flew up, breaking Mo Mu's face and bleeding profusely. Mo Mu hurried back, took out the stone tablets and put medicine on his face. Who knows, the Yellow Emperor didn't know when he would come back. He walked behind Mo Mu and found Mo Mu shining something on himself in one hand and sticking medicine on his face in the other. The Yellow Emperor walked behind Mo Mu, with his head close to Mo Mu's shoulder, and was about to watch carefully. Unexpectedly, Mo Mu exclaimed! She found the yellow emperor's face on the stone piece. Twist a head to see, just know the yellow emperor standing behind her. The Yellow Emperor asked Mo Mu, "What do you have in your hand?" Honest and honest Mo Mu, when he heard the Yellow Emperor's question, knew that he should never deceive the Yellow Emperor, and poof, he knelt before him.
Mo Mu told the Yellow Emperor from beginning to end about the discovery of this stone that can shine on people, and begged the Yellow Emperor to forgive her. The Yellow Emperor laughed, took Mo Mu in his hands and said, "This is a great discovery for you. You are not only right, but also made a great contribution!" When the Yellow Emperor said, he immediately called Lei Zu, Fang Lei's family and Tong Yu's family, and took out Mo Mu, a piece of stone that
reflects people's faces, and told her three wives to see it. Lei Zu said with a smile: "Huangdi, no wonder I haven't seen Mo Mu go to the water for a long time to dress up. It turns out that she has this beautiful treasure." Tongyu immediately said, "Huangdi, this discovery should be credited to Mo Mu's sister!" The Yellow Emperor said excitedly, "Of course, you should remember a merit!"
The use of mirrors by human beings began in the history of the Chinese nation.
No wonder, there is an ancient book called "The Original" that says: "Xuanyuan is a mirror". The book "Biography of Xuanyuan" also said: "The emperor will be the queen mother, casting twelve mirrors, and use them whenever you want." The book Shu Yi also said: "In Raozhou, it was said that Xuanyuan cast mirrors by the lake, but now there is Xuanyuan grinding mirror stone."
with the development of smelting technology, people invented iron mirrors and bronze mirrors. 4 years ago, Egypt produced bronze mirrors. Later, bronze mirrors were unearthed in China. After Qin and Han Dynasties, the manufacturing level of bronze mirrors in China has become famous at home and abroad. Bronze mirror is not only an appliance for dressing and plastic surgery, but also a beautifully shaped handicraft.