Analog Device Inc., also known as "Analog Devices, Inc." . (New York Stock Exchange: ADI) has experienced a long history of changes since its establishment in 1965 to 2005, achieved brilliant results, and established a milestone of its 40th anniversary. Looking back at ADI's success story - starting from a humble laboratory in the basement of an apartment building in Cambridge, Massachusetts - after more than 40 years of hard work, it has developed into one of the most outstanding suppliers in the chartered semiconductor industry in the world.
ADI regards innovation, performance and excellence as the cultural pillars of the company, and has grown into one of the most sustained and high-growth companies in this technology field. ADI is widely recognized by the industry as the world's leading supplier of data conversion and signal processing technology, with 60,000 customers around the world, covering all types of electronic equipment manufacturers. As a high-performance analog integrated circuit (IC) manufacturer that has led the industry for more than 40 years, ADI's products are widely used in analog signal and digital signal processing fields. The company is headquartered in Norwood, Massachusetts, USA, with design and manufacturing facilities located around the world. ADI's shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange and are included in the S&P 500 Index.
Digital signal processing chips (DSP: Digital Singal Processor) produced by ADI, representative series include ADSP Sharc 211xx (low-end field), ADSP TigerSharc 101,201,.... (high-end field), ADSP Blackfin series (Consumer electronics field).
Compared with the characteristics of chips produced by another famous Texas Instrument (TI: Texas Instrument), ADSP has the advantages of strong floating point operations and SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) programming. , the relatively new Blackfin series has lower power consumption than TI products of the same level. The disadvantage is that ADSP is not as good as TI's C language compilation and optimization. TI has popularized C language programming, and the performance of AD chips relies more on the programming level of programmers. ADSP's Linkport data transmission capability is a major feature, but it is not stable enough to use and difficult to debug.
The Visual DSP ++2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 programming environments provided by ADI can support Software personnel develop and debug.
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National Instruments (NI) helps engineers and scientists in the fields of testing, control, and design solve problems from design, prototype to Challenges encountered during the publishing process. Through ready-to-use software, such as LabVIEW, and cost-effective modular hardware, NI helps engineers in various fields continue to innovate, shortening product launch time while effectively reducing development costs. Today, NI provides a variety of application options to 30,000 different customers around the world. Headquartered in Austin, Texas, USA, NI has branches in 40 countries and has more than 5,200 employees worldwide. For the past twelve consecutive years, Fortune magazine has selected NI as one of the 100 best companies to work for in the United States. As one of the largest overseas branches, NI China has complete product sales, technical support, after-sales service and a strong R&D team.
In the early 1970s, three young men, Dr. James Chuchard, Bill Nowlin, and Jeff Kodoski, worked in the Applied Research Laboratory of the University of Texas at Austin. Working on U.S. Navy projects, these men used early computer technology to collect and analyze data. Frustrated by the inefficiency of their data collection methods, they decided to create a new product that would make their task easier. In 1976, three young men established a company in the garage of James Churchard's home.
When the company was originally named, there were ideas such as "Longhorn Instruments" and "Texas Data", but they were rejected when the applications were submitted, so the current name was finally adopted: "National Instruments".
After the company was established, it borrowed US$10,000 from Interfirst Bank and purchased a PDP-11 minicomputer. Setting up and building the GPIB interface was the first project the company took on, and its first successful order came from a pitch to Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio. Since the three were employed by the school, in 1977 they hired their first full-time person to handle ordering, billing and customer service. As the company's transaction volume expanded, in 1978, they moved to a 56-square-meter office.
In 1980, the three resigned from school and devoted themselves full-time to the development of the company. The company also moved to an office with an area of ??500 square meters. To help generate revenue, the company took on a number of special projects, including a fuel pump credit card system and a waveform generator needed for U.S. Navy sonar testing. By 1981, the company had reached the $1 million sales mark, so they moved to a larger office with 1,000 square meters in 1982.
In 1986, LabVIEW, a famous graphics development system based on the Macintosh environment, was launched. This software allows engineers and scientists to program vividly using graphics such as "wires" instead of text-based input as before. Through people's more intuitive use and reduction of framework structures, productivity can be greatly improved, which made LabVIEW very popular as soon as it was released. The following year, a new version of LabVIEW based on the DOS environment, LabWindows, was released. With the launch of this now flagship product, NI put forward the slogan "Software is the instrument" and opened up a new concept of virtual instruments.
At this time, National Instruments already has 100 employees. In order to improve employees' work enthusiasm, employees will be praised for every achievement. In 1987, the company decided to sell its products directly rather than continuing through agents, and opened its first international branch in Tokyo, Japan.
In 1990 the company moved to a building on Lake Austin and purchased it in 1991. Because it is close to a local bridge, it is also called "Silicon Hills = Bridge Point." In 1991, the company obtained its first patent using LabVIEW. Later, they successively invented SCXI, LabWindows/CVI, etc., and opened the NI campus.
In 2002, the company opened its first overseas factory in Debrecen, Hungary's second largest city.
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Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, HKEx: 4335), headquartered in California, USA, has engineering and sales departments and Six chip manufacturing plants are located in Portland, Oregon, USA. The founders of Intel, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, originally wanted the name of their new company to be a combination of their names - Moore Noyce. However, when they went to the Industrial and Commercial Bureau to register, they found that the name had already been registered by a hotel chain. As a last resort, they adopted the abbreviation of "Integrated Electronics" as the company name. The current top operating executives are Chairman Craig Barrett and President and CEO Paul Otellini.
Intel Corporation With the popularity of personal computers, Intel Corporation has become the world's largest technology giant in the design and production of semiconductors. Provide building modules for the growing global computer industry, including microprocessors, chipsets, boards, systems and software. These products are part of standard computer architecture. The industry uses these products to design and manufacture advanced computers for end users. Intel Corporation is committed to providing the building blocks for the emerging global Internet economy in clients, servers, network communications, Internet solutions, and Internet services.
Specific research areas include audio/video signal processing and PC-based related applications, as well as advanced compilation technology and runtime system research that can drive future microarchitecture and next-generation processor design.
There are also Intel China Software Lab, Intel Architecture Development Lab, Intel Internet Switching Architecture Lab, and Intel Wireless Technology Development Center. In addition, Intel has also conducted joint research and development on the IA-64 compiler with famous domestic universities and research institutions, such as the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and has achieved gratifying results.
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Origin of founding
In 1955, William Shockley, the "father of the transistor", left Bell Labs to found Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and Many talented young scientists were attracted to join, but soon Shockley's management methods and weird behavior caused dissatisfaction among employees. Among them, Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, Julius Blank, Eugene Clare, Kim Hurney, Jay Rust, Sheldon Roberts and Victor Greenick, resigned and co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in October 1957. Andy Grove joined Fairchild Semiconductor in 1963 at the invitation of Gordon Moore.
Due to the rapid development of Fairchild Semiconductor, internal organizational management and product issues are increasingly out of balance. In July 1968, two of Fairchild Semiconductor's co-founders, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, resigned, and on July 16, they co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor under the name of Integrated Electronics. Intel Corporation. And Andy Grove also voluntarily followed in the footsteps of Gordon Moore and became the third employee of Intel.
In Andy Grove's oral autobiography, he stated that from the perspective of being the company's third employee, he is "one of the founders of Intel." But in terms of ownership, because he was not invited to purchase shares at a price of $1, he became the first voluntary employee.
History of microprocessor development
1971: 4004 microprocessor
The 4004 processor is Intel's first microprocessor. This breakthrough invention not only became a powerful source of power for Busicom calculators, but also opened the way to a future where intelligence can be embedded in machines and devices like personal computers.
1972: 8008 microprocessor
The 8008 processor has twice the processing power of the 4004 processor. A 1974 article in Radio Electronics magazine mentioned a device powered by an 8008 processor, the Mark-8, which was one of the first computers built for home use—although by today's standards, the Mark-8 -8 It is difficult to manufacture and assemble, and it is also difficult to maintain and operate.
1974: 8080 microprocessor
The world's first personal computer, Altair, used the 8080 processor as its brain - it is said that "Altair" comes from the TV series "Star Trek" ", is one of the destinations for the Enterprise spacecraft in the film. Computer enthusiasts can buy an Altair for $395. In just a few months, tens of thousands of this computer were sold, setting a record for the first personal computer backorder in history
1978: 8086-8088 microprocessor
A key deal between Intel and IBM's new personal computer division made the 8088 processor the brain of IBM's new flagship product, the IBM PC. The great success of the 8088 made Intel one of the world's top 500 companies, and was named one of the "most successful companies of the 1970s" by Fortune magazine.
1982: 286 Microprocessor
The Intel 286, originally known as the 80286, was Intel's first processor capable of running all the software written for its predecessors. This strong software compatibility has also become one of the important features of the Intel microprocessor family. In the six years after the product was released, approximately 15 million personal computers powered by the 286 processor were produced worldwide.
1985: Intel 386?6?4 Microprocessor
The Intel 386?6?4 microprocessor has 275,000 transistors, more than 100 times that of the early 4004 processor . The processor is a 32-bit chip with multitasking capabilities, which means it can run multiple programs at the same time.
1989: Intel 486?6?4 DX CPU Microprocessor
The Intel 486?6?4 processor truly represents the era when users have moved away from relying on input commands to run computers. Entering a new era where operations can be done with just a click. David K. Allison, a technology historian at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, recalled, "It was the first time I had a computer with a color display like this and could do my typesetting work so quickly on the desktop." Intel 486? For the first time, the 6.4 processor adds a built-in math coprocessor, which separates complex math functions from the central processor, thus greatly increasing calculation speed.
1993: Intel Pentium Processor
The Intel Pentium processor made it easier for computers to integrate "real world" data such as speech, sound, handwriting, and picture). Promoted through comics and television talk shows, Intel's Pentium processor quickly became a household name upon its introduction.
1995: Intel Italium Pentium Processor
Intel's Italium Pentium processor, released in the fall of 1995, was designed to support 32-bit server and workstation applications, as well as high-speed Computer-aided design, mechanical engineering and scientific computing, etc. Every Intel high-power Pentium processor is packaged with a second-level cache memory chip that can increase speed again. The powerful Intel Pentium Power processor has up to 5.5 million transistors. Failure to adapt to market needs leads to premature death.
1997: Intel Pentium II (Pentium II) processor
The Intel Pentium II processor has 7.5 million transistors and uses Intel MMX?6?4 technology, specially designed For efficient processing of video, audio and graphics data. The product uses an innovative single-sided contact cartridge (S.E.C) package and integrates a cache memory chip. With this chip, PC users can capture, edit, and share digital pictures with friends and family over the Internet; they can also edit home movies and add text, music, or scene transitions; and they can even use video calls to communicate via Standard phone lines send video to the Internet.
1998: Intel Pentium II Xeon processor
The Intel Pentium II Xeon processor is designed to meet the performance requirements of mid- to high-end servers and workstations. In line with Intel's strategy of providing dedicated processor products for specific markets, Intel's Pentium II Xeon processors feature technological innovations specifically designed for workstations and servers to execute business applications such as Internet services, enterprise data storage, and digital content creation. and electronic and mechanical design automation, among others. Computer systems based on this processor can be configured with four or eight processors or even more.
1999: Intel Celeron processor
As a continuation of Intel's strategy of developing products for specific markets, the Intel Celeron processor was designed for economical personal use. computer market. The processor offers consumers exceptionally good value for money and delivers outstanding performance for applications such as gaming and educational software.
1999: Intel Pentium III (Pentium III) processor
The 70 innovative instructions of the Intel Pentium III processor - Internet Streaming SIMD extensions ) – Significantly enhanced performance required for applications such as advanced imaging, 3D, audio streaming, video and speech recognition. The product is designed to dramatically enhance the Internet experience, allowing users to browse realistic online museums and stores, download high-quality videos, and more. The processor integrates 9.5 million transistors and uses 0.25 micron technology.
1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon processor
The Intel Pentium III Xeon processor expands on Intel's offerings for the workstation and server markets , providing additional performance to support e-commerce applications and high-end business computing.
The processor integrates the 70 SIMD instructions of the Intel Pentium III processor, significantly enhancing the performance of multimedia and video streaming applications. And the advanced cache technology of the Intel Pentium III Xeon processor accelerates the transmission of information from the system bus to the processor, significantly improving performance. This processor is designed for use in systems with multi-processor configurations.
2000: Intel Pentium 4 Processor
Users of PCs powered by the Intel Pentium 4 processor could create professional-quality movies; send television-like content over the Internet Video; communicate using real-time video voice tools; render 3D graphics in real time; quickly encode music for MP3 players; run multiple multimedia applications simultaneously while connected to the Internet. When it was first launched, the processor had 42 million transistors and circuit lines of just 0.18 microns. Intel's first microprocessor 4004 ran at a speed of 108KHz, and today's Intel Pentium 4 processor has an initial speed of 1.5GHz. If the speed of cars can also be improved equally, it will only take 13 seconds to drive from San Francisco to New York. Second.
2001: Intel Xeon processor
Intel Xeon processors are targeted at upcoming high-performance and mid-range dual-socket workstations, as well as dual-socket and multi-channel configured servers. The platform provides customers with a new operating system and application choice that combines high performance and low price. Compared to systems based on Intel Pentium III Xeon processors, workstations powered by Intel Xeon processors are expected to experience approximately 30% to 90% performance improvements, depending on the application and configuration. The processor is based on Intel's NetBurst 6-4 architecture and is designed to provide the computing power needed for video and audio applications, advanced Internet technologies and complex 3D graphics.
2001: Intel Itanium processor
The Intel Itanium processor is the first product in the 64-bit processor family launched by Intel. The processor is developed and manufactured based on a new architecture based on Intel's Elegant Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) design technology and is designed for high-end, enterprise-class servers and workstations. The processor delivers the world's best performance for the most demanding enterprise and high-performance computing applications, including e-commerce secure transactions, large databases, computer-aided mechanical engineering, and precision scientific and engineering calculations.
2002: Intel Itanium 2 processor (Itanium2) Intel Pentium 4 /Hyper Threading processor
The Intel Itanium 2 processor is the second in the Itanium processor family Member, is also an enterprise processor. This processor family delivers the performance and economies of scale of Intel architecture for the most data-intensive, business-critical and technically demanding computing applications. The processor can provide leading performance for databases, computer-aided engineering, online transaction security, etc.
Intel launched the new Intel Pentium 4 processor containing innovative Hyper-Threading (HT) super thread technology. Hyper-threading technology creates a new class of high-performance desktop computers that can quickly execute multiple computing applications at the same time or bring higher performance to software that supports multiple threads. Hyper-threading technology increases computer performance by 25%. In addition to providing hyper-threading technology for desktop computer users, Intel has also achieved another computing milestone, which is the launch of the Pentium 4 processor running at 3.06GHz, which is the first to perform 3 billion computing cycles per second. Commercial microprocessors owe such excellent performance to the industry's most advanced 0.13 micron process technology at the time. The following year, the Intel Pentium 4 processor with built-in hyper-threading technology reached a clock speed of 3.2GHz.
2003: Intel Pentium M/Celeron M processor
Intel Pentium M processor, Intel 855 chipset family and Intel PRO/Wireless The 2100 network card is the three major components of Intel Centrino 6?4 mobile computing technology.
Intel Centrino mobile technology is designed specifically for portable computing, with built-in wireless LAN capabilities and breakthrough innovative mobile performance. The processor supports longer battery life and a lighter and thinner laptop form factor.
2005: Intel Pentium D processor
The first Intel Pentium D processor with 2 processing cores was launched, officially launching the multi-core era of x86 processors. (Nicknamed Glue Dual Core, there is a reason why it is called that by others. PD has this title due to its high frequency, low energy and loud noise)
2005: Intel Core Processor
This It is Intel's first step towards the Core architecture. However, Core processors do not use the Core architecture, but are between NetBurst and Core (the first processor based on the Core architecture was the Core 2). Initially, Core processors were targeted at mobile platforms and were a module of Intel Centrino 3. However, the desktop computers launched after Apple switched to Intel platforms used Core processors.
Core enables dual-core technology to be realized on a mobile platform for the first time. Similar to the later Core 2, Core still has several versions: Duo dual-core version, Solo single-core version. There are also several low-voltage models to meet the requirements of users with stringent power-saving requirements.
2006: Intel Core2 (Core 2, commonly known as "button meat")/Celeron Duo processor
Core microarchitecture desktop/mobile processor: desktop processor core codename Conroe . It will be named the Core 2 Duo/Extreme family. Its E6700 2.6GHz model is 40% more efficient than the previously launched most powerful Intel Pentium D 960 (3.6GHz) processor, and its power saving efficiency is also increased by 40%. Core The 2 Duo processor contains 291 million transistors. The core code name of the mobile processor is Merom. It is the processor module for Centrino 3.5 and Centrino 4. Of course, there are differences between the two Core 2s. The most important thing is that the FSB is increased from 667MHz/533MHz to 800MHz.
2007: Intel Quad-Core Server Processors
Intel has launched several quad-core desktop chips as part of its dual-core Quad and Extreme families. In the server space, Intel will ship no fewer than nine Xeons with nine quad-core processors in its low-voltage 3500 and 7300 series.
2007: Intel QX9770 Quad-Core Xeon 45nm Processor
The energy saving and calmness brought by the advanced process, and the introduction of HI-K make the CPU more stable. Advanced SSE4.1 instruction set, fast divider, excellent execution efficiency, INTEL continues to lead in processors
2008: Intel Atom processor
As low as 0.6 W's ultra-low-power processor brings everyone unimaginable energy saving and calmness
The future: Intel Larrabee plan
The Larrabee core evolved from the P54C in 1990 , which is the second Pentium processor. Of course, the production process has evolved to 45nm, and a lot of new technologies have been added to make it rejuvenated.
Larrabee will have 32 IA cores when released (current samples are 16/24), support 64-bit technology, and will likely support the MMX instruction set. In fact, Larrabee's instruction set is called AVX (Advanced Vector Instruction Set), with 512 bits for integers and 1024 bits for floating point. Stiller estimates that Larrabee's theoretical single-precision floating-point performance per Hz is 32 Flops, which is more than 2TFlops at 2GHz.
Intel TerraFlops 80-core processor
The "80-core" here is just a concept. It does not mean that the processor has exactly 80 physical cores, but that the processor has a large number of The core of scalable parallel processing capabilities.
The TerraFlops processor will have at least 28 cores. Different cores have different processing areas. The entire processor operation speed will reach one trillion operations per second, which is equivalent to the speed of supercomputers that are still out of reach for ordinary users. Currently, the TerraFlops plan only accepts commercial and government users, but according to Intel's plan, individual users will also use multi-core processors with teraflops of computing power in the future.
Intel processor cores are characterized by a feature called "wide dynamic execution." More importantly, its operating power consumption is lower than the Netburst architecture that provides processing power for the Pentium 4. "We expect to be 100 percent top-to-bottom by the end of this year," Otellini said. "Throughout this year, we are replacing all products at a very fast pace, even penetrating into Pentium processors with variants of the core microarchitecture. and Celeron processor areas. This gives us performance leadership in each area and gives us a high degree of cost advantage."
On March 26, Paul, President and CEO of Intel Corporation. ·Otellini announced in Beijing that Intel will invest US$2.5 billion to build an advanced 300mm wafer manufacturing plant in Dalian.
November 17, 2008: Intel released the core i7 processor
The next-generation desktop processor based on the new Nehalem architecture will continue to use the "Core" name and be named " Intel Core i7" series, the name of the Extreme Edition is "Intel Core i7 Extreme" series. Server processors with the same architecture will continue to use the "Xeon" name.
Intel Core i7 is a 45nm native quad-core processor. The processor has 8MB level 3 cache and supports three-channel DDR3 memory. The processor adopts LGA 1366 pin design and supports second-generation hyper-threading technology, which means the processor can run with eight threads. According to tests circulating on the Internet, the performance of Core i7 at the same frequency is much higher than that of Core 2 Quad.
Based on previous information, Intel will first release three Intel Core i7 processors with frequencies of 3.2GHz, 2.93GHz and 2.66GHz respectively. The one with a main frequency of 3.2GHz belongs to Intel Core i7 Extreme. The processor is priced at $999, and of course this top-of-the-line processor is aimed at enthusiast users. The lower frequency 2.66GHz is priced at US$284, approximately 1,940 yuan, and is aimed at ordinary consumers. A new generation of Core i7 processors will be launched in the fourth quarter of 2008. Intel released three Core i7 processors on November 18, 2008, namely Core i7 920, Core i7 940 and Core i7 965.
The power of core i7 is about three times that of core2 extreme qx9770 (3.2GHz). At IDF, Intel staff demonstrated CineBench R10 multi-threaded rendering using a core i7 3.2GHz processor. After the rendering started, eight threads of the four cores started working at the same time, and the complete picture was presented in just 19 seconds. On screen, the score exceeds 45,800. In comparison, core2 extreme qx9770 3.2GHz can only get about 12,000 points, and it barely exceeds 15,000 points when overclocked to 4.0GHz, which is less than one-third of core i7.
1. Based on Nehalem microarchitecture
2. 2-8 cores.
3. Built-in three-channel DDR3 memory controller.
4. Each core has an exclusive 256KB L2 cache.
5. 8 MB*** shared L3 cache.
6. SSE 4.2 instruction set (seven new instructions).
7. Hyper-threading technology.
8． Turbo mode (automatic overclocking).
9． Microarchitecture optimization (supports macro fusion in 64-bit mode, improves ring data flow monitor performance, six data transmission ports, etc.)
10. Improve the performance of the prediction unit and add a second set of branch aiming caches.
11. The second group of 512 TLB.
12. Improve performance for non-integer SSE instructions.
13． Improve virtual machine performance (according to official Intel data, Nehalem has a 60% improvement in two-way virtual latency compared to 65nm Core 2, and a 20% improvement compared to 45nm Core 2 products)
14. New QPI bus.
15. New energy management unit.
16. 45nm process, 32nm process products will be launched later, code-named Westmere.
17. New 1366-pin interface.
Nehalem is equivalent to 65nm products with the following most important new features.
1． SSE4.1 instruction set (47 new SSE instructions).
2. Deep sleep technology (C6 level sleep, only used on mobile chips).
3. Enhanced Intel Dynamic Acceleration Technology (only used on mobile chips).
4. Fast Radix-16 frequency divider and Super Shuffle engine enhance FPU performance
5. Enhanced virtual technology improves the interaction performance between virtual machines by 25%-75%.
The core part of Nehalem has the following improvements over the Core microarchitecture:
Cache design: using a three-level fully included Cache design, the design of L1 is the same as the Core microarchitecture; L2 Adopting an ultra-low latency design, each core has a 256KB L2 Cache; L3 is a shared design and is shared by all cores on the chip.
Integrated memory controller (IMC): The memory controller is moved from the Northbridge chipset to the CPU chip, supporting three-channel DDR3 memory. The memory read delay is greatly reduced, and the memory bandwidth is greatly improved. Up to Up to three times.
Quick Path Interconnect (QPI): A point-to-point connection technology that replaces the front-side bus (FSB). The 20-bit wide QPI connection has an astonishing bandwidth of 25.6GB per second, far exceeding the original FSB. The first place where QPI can shine is on server platforms that support multiple processors. QPI can be used for interconnection between multiple processors.
The core part of Nehalem has the following new functions compared to the Core microarchitecture:
New SSE4.2Instructions (newly added SSE4.2 instructions)
Turbo Mode (kernel acceleration mode)
Improved Lock Support (improved lock support)
Additional Caching Hierarchy (new cache hierarchy)
Deeper Buffers (Deeper buffering)
Improved Loop Streaming (improved loop streaming)
Simultaneous Multi-Threading (synchronous multi-threading)
Faster Virtualization (faster Virtualization)
Better Branch Prediction (better branch prediction)
The fourth quarter of 2009
Clarkdale will be launched in the fourth quarter of this year, LGA1156 interface , dual core and four threads. Not only will it be Intel's (and the entire industry's) first 32nm process chip, it will also be the first processor to integrate a graphics core. The corresponding mobile version, Arrandale, uses a similar architecture, but will not be released until next year.
However, it is worth noting that only the processor part of Clarkdale is a 32nm process, and the independent graphics core (and dual-channel DDR3 memory controller) on the same substrate is still 45nm.
The birth of eight-core processors in 2010
On March 30, 2010, Intel announced the launch of the Intel Xeon processor 7500 series, which can be used to build dual-core processors. Route to a server system with up to 256 routes.
Chip
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