Development trend of science and technology

I. New Trends in the Development of Science and Technology In today's world, the development of science and technology is extremely rapid, the cross-integration of disciplines is accelerated, major innovations are constantly emerging, and the cycle of technological renewal and achievement transformation is increasingly shortened. Generally speaking, the development of contemporary science and technology has the following main characteristics and trends. 1. The frontier science and technology field shows the trend of group breakthrough. High-tech groups with life science and biotechnology, information technology, nanotechnology, new materials and advanced manufacturing technology as the core have become representatives of frontier science and technology fields. The progress in these fields directly reflects the new trend of scientific and technological development. In the field of life science and biotechnology, the human genome map has been completely drawn, and the human "book of life" has been cracked; Successfully cultivated high-yield crops with stress resistance and disease resistance; Scientists directly extract human skin cells to make induced pluripotent stem cells. This technology is not only valuable in stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine, but also a methodological breakthrough in revealing biological development and disease mechanism. In the field of information technology, the running speed of supercomputers has been greatly improved. In June 2007, IBM introduced "Blue Gene /P", which can run continuously at the speed of 1 trillion times per second. Intel has successfully developed a prototype chip "Penryn" based on 45nm technology, which is of far-reaching significance to the whole semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing industry. In the field of nanotechnology, nano-generators have been successfully developed, which will have extensive and important applications in biomedical, military, wireless communication and wireless sensing fields. In May 2007, Chinese and American scientists cooperated for the first time to prepare a 24-sided platinum nanocrystalline catalyst with high surface energy, which is of great significance and application value in the fields of energy, catalysis, materials and chemical industry. In the field of energy and environmental protection technology, carbon dioxide capture and storage technology has been widely concerned, and the second generation of biological liquid fuel, which is expected to replace oil on a large scale, is developing in a diversified way. The "International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Program" is being actively implemented, and it is predicted that power generation in controlled nuclear fusion will benefit mankind widely around 2070. 2. The intersection of science and technology has spawned new disciplines and technical fields. Nano-materials technology, nano-electronics technology, nano-biotechnology, nano-metrology, etc. They are all emerging interdisciplinary subjects developed in recent years. Fusion technologies such as biomaterials, biochips, nano-robots and information materials have also shown people their great application potential. In the future, major scientific and technological innovations will appear more in interdisciplinary fields, and the integration of various technologies will be more frequent. The pace of transforming traditional industries with new technologies will be further accelerated, resulting in new technological system changes, major breakthroughs in disciplines and a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution. 3. Developing "low-carbon economy" has become a new hot spot of scientific and technological innovation. In recent years, with the increasingly prominent climate change, the concept of low-carbon economy with low energy consumption and low pollution has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, driving scientific and technological innovation in related fields to become increasingly active. Developed countries have vigorously promoted the strategic action of transforming into a low-carbon economy and started a series of major adjustments in industrial policy, energy policy, technology policy and trade policy. At the United Nations high-level conference on climate change held in September 2007, the EU proposed that global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by half on the basis of 1990 by 2050. The United States has implemented such important plans as "Hydrogen Fuel Plan", "Advanced Energy Plan", "Future Power Generation Plan" and "Sunshine America Plan". In June 2007, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research launched the "R&D Plan for Organic Solar Photovoltaic Cells" with an investment of 60 million euros, and its strategic partner enterprises will invest 300 million euros in related research and development. In June 2007, 5438+065438+ 10, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan announced the framework scheme of "Cooling the Earth-Energy Innovation Technology Plan", proposing to give key support to innovative technologies that greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 4. People's livelihood science and technology developed rapidly. With the continuous development of economy, people's demand for environment, health and culture has increased, which has prompted countries to closely combine the goal of scientific and technological development with improving people's lives. Among the ten priority themes identified in the Seventh Framework Plan for EU Research and Development, three are directly related to improving people's health and quality of life: health, food, agriculture and biotechnology, and the environment. Among them, the allocation for health is 6.05 billion euros, second only to information and communication technology. At present, the technology invented to meet people's living needs has greatly benefited mankind. The development of Internet technology has changed people's lifestyles such as study, communication, entertainment and consumption, and the number of Internet users worldwide has reached 772 million. Gene technology and medical biotechnology are completely changing the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. The development of online games, animation and other cultural and creative industries has met people's diverse cultural needs and provided more employment opportunities. 5. The role of science and technology in dealing with non-traditional security is increasingly prominent. In recent years, a series of non-military disasters such as "9. 1 1" terrorist attacks, information crimes, energy shortage, environmental degradation and sudden large-scale natural disasters have posed new challenges to world peace and stability. The traditional concept of national security has risen from national defense and military security in the general sense to a broader "overall security". Public security incidents have come one after another, putting forward great strategic demands for science and technology. The report "Science and Technology is the Foundation of Homeland Security" published by the Office of Science and Technology Policy of the President of the United States in April 2005 said that in recent years, the federal government, academia, business circles and national laboratories have made joint efforts to use the best talents and technologies to reduce the vulnerability of the United States, and the investment in science and technology in homeland security has had an impact on the real world. 6. Accelerating the implementation of the "three depths" strategy has become the strategic choice of major countries in the world-the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan and India are implementing a series of deep space exploration plans to explore celestial bodies such as the moon and Mars. On June 24th, 2007, China Chang 'e-1 satellite was successfully launched. On September 25, 2008, "Shenzhou VII" was launched and the astronauts left the cabin. The implementation of China's manned spaceflight project has taken another solid step. The long-term goal of deep space exploration is to establish manned outposts on the moon and Mars in order to learn as much as possible about their resources and use them as bases for further exploration of the solar system. The idea of developing lunar helium -3 as fuel for nuclear fusion reactors has attracted worldwide attention. "Deep-sea" strategy-In the international deep-sea ocean drilling plan that lasted for nearly 10 years, scientists have proved through practice that life has been found on the seabed at a depth of 3000 meters. Their existence raises new questions to the existing biological basic theory, and also provides more foresight for the application of ocean energy. Under the influence of global warming, great geomorphological changes are taking place in polar regions. Using the most advanced marine technology, oil and gas mineral resources are being developed, and basic data of deep seabed geology, geomorphology and resources are obtained. "Deep Blue" strategy (information security)-The fields that high-performance computers enter involve astronomical calculation, atmospheric modeling, genetic science, oil and gas exploration, intelligent manufacturing and so on. From the military field, it has led to changes in industrial technology fields such as aerospace technology, aerodynamics, large-scale weather forecasting and petroleum geological exploration. Electronic tag technology is widely used in production process monitoring, transportation, logistics control, international trade, security identification, identity identification and article anti-counterfeiting and other fields, which has produced huge market demand. Second, a new understanding of the relationship between science and technology and economic development With the rapid development of science and technology, scientific and technological innovation has become a decisive force to promote economic and social development and improve the country's comprehensive national strength. Our understanding of the relationship between science and technology and economic development is also deepening, mainly in the following aspects: 1. Under the condition of modern science and technology, original innovation and key technological breakthroughs have the potential to drive a new round of industrial revolution, which has led to earth-shaking changes in human economy and society since the 20th century. The birth of quantum theory promoted the development of integrated circuits and lasers. The emergence of the theory of relativity and the principle of nuclear fission led to the formation of nuclear technology and promoted the application of atomic energy. The elucidation of DNA double helix structure lays the foundation for a new bioengineering technology. Every original innovation has spawned a new industrial direction and a new economic growth point. Taking biotechnology as an example, the human genome map has been completed, followed by the rise of large-scale health new industries based on functional genomics. At present, the global biotechnology industry sales double every five years, with an annual growth rate of 25% ~ 30%. Some experts predict that biotechnology (BT) will soon replace information technology (IT) and become "the most important technology in the whole society, and may change the future industrial and economic structure". Judging from China's situation, at the beginning of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, China made key arrangements for the research and development of biotechnology, achieved a number of major original innovations such as genetic engineering drugs, vaccines and diagnostic reagents, and created a genetic biotechnology industry with a total output value of more than 460 billion yuan. China has become the second country after the United States to independently develop transgenic insect-resistant cotton, which accounts for more than 90% of the total cotton planting area. In terms of innovative drug research and development, China has successfully developed the world's first gene therapy drug recombinant adenovirus P53 injection, and has taken the lead in industrialization. The successful development of new vaccines such as avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease and blue ear disease has provided effective support for the prevention and control of major animal diseases. 2. The new technology shortens the product renewal cycle and creates new opportunities for catching up. It took 60 years for the telephone to reach 50% of American families, and only 5 years for the Internet to reach 50% of American families. 2 1 century, with the continuous acceleration of technological innovation, frontier technological innovation and the development of high-end industries promote each other. In many high-tech fields, the boundary between basic research and industrialization has become blurred. Many achievements, such as human genome, superconductivity and nanotechnology, were patented in the laboratory stage and quickly applied to the market. Breakthroughs in biotechnology and genetic engineering have shortened this time from 24 years to 8 years. The emergence of biochip technology can realize accurate, rapid and informative analysis and detection of genes, protein, cells and tissues in organisms, and greatly shorten the cycle of new drug research and development and disease detection. 3. Major breakthroughs in key technologies will subvert the old industries, destroy the old economic and technological advantages, and form the so-called "turning point effect". Major scientific discoveries and technological inventions have the breakthrough characteristics of realizing major changes in principles, technologies and methods, and can widely promote economic restructuring and major changes in industrial forms. Major original innovations often destroy the existing industrial system, transform competitive advantages, breed new major development opportunities, and cultivate new industrial clusters and economic growth points. Take a digital camera as an example. Germany Agfa used to be one of the earliest color film manufacturers in the world, accounting for about 10% of the world color film market. With the maturity of digital camera manufacturing technology, digital cameras began to seize and encroach on the market of traditional cameras. In the past, under the impact of digital technology, the film sales of the image giants fell sharply and had to apply for bankruptcy protection. 4. The change of market value has created new market demand and created new industries. The change of market demand is one of the important driving forces of technological innovation activities, and the renewal and change of the market guide the development direction of technological innovation of enterprises. Take the development of China automobile industry as an example. At the beginning of reform and opening up, there was no automobile consumption market in China. While introducing capital and technology, we also introduced advanced management and market concepts, which played an important role in promoting China's automobile industry to catch up with the world development trend. With the development of domestic economy and the improvement of people's quality of life, the market consumption demand presents a diversified pattern, and the characteristics of market segmentation are very obvious. When the products provided by foreign-funded enterprises to the market can not meet the demand, it provides a very good opportunity for the development of domestic automobile enterprises, and some automobile enterprises based on independent innovation emerge as the times require. At present, with the rapid development of the automobile market, the biggest challenge facing China automobile industry is energy shortage and air pollution. In Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other places, the contribution of automobile exhaust has exceeded 60%. In the new round of competition between energy-saving and new energy vehicles, Japan has become the leader of hybrid technology. Mercedes-Benz and General Motors, which focus on longer-term fuel cell vehicles, have invested heavily in development in the past 20 years and have entered small-scale demonstration operation. On the eve that China's automobile output is about to reach100000, China automobile enterprises should be prepared for danger in times of peace and catch up.