Basic introduction Chinese name: propane (wán? ) English name: propane alias: high purity propane Chemical formula: C3H8 molecular weight: 44.09562 CAS registration number: 74-98-6 EINECS registration number: 200-827-9 Melting point:-187.6℃ Boiling point: -42.09℃ Water solubility: Insoluble density: gas 65. 438+0.83kg/m 3 Appearance: Colorless gas use: safety description of fuel and chemical raw materials: S2-S9-S 16 Hazard symbol: R 12 Hazard description: F; F+ Transport number of dangerous goods: UN 1978 2. 1 Toxicity: discovery history of minor toxicity, material structure, physical and chemical properties, chemical properties, safety terms, use safety, health hazards, first aid measures, fire control measures, emergency treatment of leakage, preparation methods, main uses, storage and transportation, discovery history1 These extremely active light hydrocarbons have high vapor pressure and are easily volatilized from unrefined gasoline. On March 3 1 of the same year, The New York Times reported Dr. Walter's work on liquefied gas: "... the gas in the iron bottle is enough for an ordinary family for three weeks." Since then, Dr. Walter and others have developed a method to liquefy propane in the process of refining gasoline. Together, they also established the first American liquefied petroleum gas company to sell propane commercially. 19 1 1 year, Dr. Walter has been able to prepare high-purity propane, and obtained the patent number 1056845 on March 25th of the same year. Another invention of Frank Peters to prepare liquefied petroleum gas by compression was patented in 19 12. Transportation of household liquefied petroleum gas tanks in Nevada During the 1960s+0920s, the output of liquefied petroleum gas surged. The earliest existing records show that the annual output of +0922 * * in the 1960s was 223,000 gallons. 1927, the annual sales volume is close to 1 10,000 gallons. By 1935, the annual sales volume has reached 5.6 million gallons. The major industrial developments in the1930s included the use of rail transit, the increase of malodorous gases and the increase of propane filling stations. 1945, the annual sales volume of liquefied petroleum gas reached10 billion gallons. By the end of 1947, more than 62% American families had used natural gas or propane as cooking fuel. 1950, Chicago Transportation Authority ordered 1000 propane fuel vehicles. By the end of 1958, the annual sales in the United States had reached 7 billion gallons. In 2004, it was reported that the whole propane industry was worth $8 billion to 100 billion, and the annual consumption exceeded1500 million gallons. Xiangyun, the torch of Beijing Olympic Games, uses propane as fuel, which is cheap and has a wide temperature range. When burning, only water vapor and carbon dioxide are formed, and there are no other substances, which will not pollute the environment. It is a clean fuel and conforms to the concept of "Green Olympics". The flame color of propane gas combustion is bright yellow, which can meet the needs of convenient identification, TV broadcast and news photography. Material structure molecular structure: C atoms are combined by sp 3 hybrid orbitals, and the molecules are polar molecules. Brief structure: CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3 physical and chemical properties physical properties main components: appearance and properties of pure product: colorless gas, pure product tasteless. Melting point (℃):- 187.6 (85.5k) Boiling point (℃):-42.09 (23 1. 1k) Relative density: 0.5005 Ignition point (℃): 450, combustible relative vapor density (air : 74-98-6 is relatively insoluble in water, and it is easy to form solid hydrate with water at low temperature, causing natural gas pipeline blockage. The mixture of carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene cl2c = ccl2 1- nitropropane ch3ch2ch2no2,2-nitropropane (ch3) 2cno2, nitroethane CH 3 CH 2 NO 2 and nitromethane ch3cno2 is formed when they react with nitric acid in the gas phase. Propane can be separated from oilfield gas and cracked gas. It can be used as raw material for producing ethylene and propylene (C 3 H 6) or solvent for oil refining industry; The liquefied mixture of propane, butane (C 4 H 10) and a small amount of ethane can be used as civil fuel, that is, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Like other alkanes, propane can be burned with enough oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. When oxygen is insufficient, water and carbon monoxide will be produced. Unlike natural gas, propane is heavier than air (about 1.5 times that of air). In the natural state, propane will fall and accumulate near the surface. Under normal pressure, liquid propane will quickly turn into steam and white because of the condensation of water in the air. If completely burned, one cubic foot of propane can release 2500BTU of heat (9 1 600BTU per gallon of liquid). In the international system of units, the calorific value of one cubic meter of propane is 50 kJ (≈ 13.8 kWh) or 10 1 MJ/m3. Propane is non-toxic under standard conditions, but if it is abused as an inhaler, there will be a certain risk of hypoxia and suffocation. It is also worth noting that commercial products usually contain other hydrocarbons that may cause danger. Under normal pressure, the rapid volatilization of propane and its mixture will cause frostbite. When the outside temperature is 20 degrees Celsius, propane liquid still keeps a low temperature of -42 degrees Celsius. The combustion of liquefied petroleum gas is cleaner than gasoline, but slightly inferior to natural gas. Due to the carbon-carbon single bond and double bond in propylene and butene, the combustion of liquefied petroleum gas will produce organic waste gas except carbon dioxide and water under normal circumstances. It is also because of these bonds that there is a visible flame in LPG combustion. The safety term R 12 is extremely flammable. S9 Keep the container in a well-ventilated place. S 16 stay away from the fire source. Safety and health hazards: this product has simple asphyxiation and anesthesia effects. Short-term exposure to 1% propane will not cause symptoms; The concentration below 10% only caused mild dizziness; When exposed to high concentrations, anesthesia and loss of consciousness may occur; Too high a concentration can lead to suffocation. Danger of explosion: This product is flammable. Toxic characteristics: propane is a mild poison, a pure anesthetic, and has no toxicity to eyes and skin. Direct contact can cause frostbite. If inhaled, it will leave the scene quickly and go to a place with fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If you have difficulty breathing, give oxygen. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration immediately. See a doctor. Fire protection measures, hazard characteristics, combustible gas. When mixed with air, it can form an explosive mixture, which is in danger of burning and explosion when it meets heat sources and open flames. Contact with oxidant and react violently. Gas is heavier than air, it can spread to a considerable distance at a lower place, and it will catch fire when it meets a fire source. Harmful combustion products: carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Fire extinguishing method cut off the gas source. If the gas source cannot be cut off, it is not allowed to extinguish the flame at the leak. Spray water to cool the container, and if possible, move the container from the fire to an open place. Extinguishing agent: atomized water, foam, carbon dioxide and dry powder. Emergency treatment of leakage Emergency treatment will quickly evacuate people in the leaked contaminated area to the windward, isolate them and strictly restrict access. Cut off the fire. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and anti-static work clothes. Cut off the leakage source as much as possible. Cover the sewer and other places near the leakage point with industrial covering or adsorption/absorbent to prevent gas from entering. Reasonable ventilation and accelerated diffusion. Spray water is diluted and dissolved. Build a dike or dig a pit to contain a large amount of wastewater. If possible, use an exhaust fan to send the leaked gas to an open place, or install a suitable nozzle for combustion. Leaked containers should be properly treated, repaired and inspected before use. Compilation method: 1. It can be collected as liquefied petroleum gas in the process of oil exploitation and refining. In the process of cracking and catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions, a large amount of propane is also produced. Therefore, impurities stored with propane include methane, ethane, butane, ethylene, propylene, low-boiling sulfide and moisture. 2. In the process of refining, the gas produced in the process of petroleum distillation and cracking is liquefied by oil absorption, activated carbon adsorption, compression and cooling, and then propane is fractionated and separated at low temperature or pressure. Unsaturated components such as propylene can be removed or hydrogenated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Sulfur compounds can be washed with alkali or removed with desulfurizer. Water is dehydrated by concentrated sulfuric acid, ethylene glycol, solid desiccant (such as clay and alumina) and sodium metal, and can also be removed by boiling distillation. Propane is generally recovered by distillation, and can also be absorbed by hydrocarbons with high boiling point or by adsorbents. 3. The raw material liquefied petroleum gas is condensed at 0 ~ 5℃ to remove some high-boiling impurities, and then enters the adsorber to sequentially remove hydrocarbon impurities such as water, propylene, ethylene, ethane, n-butane, isobutane, n-butene, isobutylene, etc. Then it enters the condenser to condense propane into liquid and separate it from non-condensable gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. The extraction rate of propane can reach above 80%. Main uses Propane is usually used as fuel for barbecues, mobile stoves and motor vehicles. Propane is usually used to drive trains, buses, forklifts and taxis. It is also used as fuel for heating and cooking in recreational vehicles and camping. In some rural areas of North America, people fill stoves, water heaters, hand dryers and other heating equipment with propane. By 2000, 6.9 million American families used propane as their main fuel. Commercial "propane" fuel, or liquefied petroleum gas, is impure. In the United States and Canada, its main components are 90% propane plus up to 5% butane, propylene and odorant. This is the domestic standard of the United States and Canada, usually written as HD-5 standard. It should be noted that liquefied petroleum gas made from methane (natural gas) does not contain propylene, and only propane obtained during crude oil refining contains propylene. Similarly, in some other countries, such as Mexico, the standard content of butane will be relatively high. Other uses of propane in retail liquefied petroleum gas tanks include steam cracking to prepare raw materials for basic petrochemical products. Used as fuel or compressed gas in some flame throwers. Raw materials for producing propanol. The main fuel of hot air balloon. Propane mixed with silicon is used to precipitate emery in semiconductor industry, used as propellant for air guns (known as green gas when sold) and used in survival games. In some theme parks and film shooting, liquid propane is used as a cheap and high-energy substance to produce explosions or other visual effects. Propane mainly exists in oilfield gas, natural gas and refinery gas. Used to manufacture ethylene, propylene, oxygenates and main nitroalkanes. There are opportunities for contact in the process of production or application. The storage and transportation of propane are usually in liquid form. The storage and transportation conditions are normal temperature and the pressure reaches saturated vapor pressure. Design parameters of storage tank: 1800kPaA, 60℃. Oil unloading pumps or compressors are required, and some tankers have their own oil unloading pumps. It is best to set carburetor, which is determined according to user's requirements. Simple, if the dosage is small, the pressure requirement is not high, and the pipeline length is moderate, propane can be pressed into the pipeline by using the pressure in the storage tank, but the safety protection work such as pipeline material selection and antifreeze should be done well. If possible, unload the truck with nitrogen pressure; If not, unload the truck with a compressor or pump. The tank car does not have its own air temperature booster. It is necessary to consider setting an air temperature gasifier to gasify or raise the temperature.