(1) Reform the benefit distribution mechanism and effectively motivate researchers.
Li Guo (20 10) and other scholars all acknowledge the important role of benefit distribution in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, but due to the influence of the traditional planned economic system, the current national regulations on benefit distribution in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are too principled and lack of operability.
Jiang Wen and Xie Qing (20 10) pointed out that some scientific research institutions are worried that promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements will affect teaching and drain state-owned assets, so when formulating distribution policies, they mainly emphasize the interests of their own units and ignore the labor of researchers, which affects the enthusiasm of researchers in the transformation of achievements. It is suggested that under the premise of balancing the interests of scientific research institutions and individuals, the labor and contribution of scientific research extension personnel should be reflected as much as possible. For example, establish a scientific assessment system to quantify the application value of technological achievements and their social benefits, which are reflected in the year-end assessment, professional title evaluation and promotion of scientific researchers; Or in the transformation and promotion of scientific and technological achievements, according to the contributions of scientific researchers and extension personnel, formulate corresponding preferential and incentive policies; You can also encourage researchers to use their leisure time to engage in research and development, set up scientific and technological enterprises, and work part-time in enterprises.
Li et al. (1996) think that the income distribution of scientific research institutions does not reflect the principle of leaning towards individuals, which is not enough to make up for the opportunity cost of scientific research personnel engaged in the transformation and promotion of scientific and technological achievements, and suggest that the performance of the transformation and development of scientific and technological achievements should be included in the conditions of various awards, housing allocation and professional title evaluation in schools; Adjusting the distribution ratio of the income from the development of achievements within scientific research institutions, appropriately reducing the retention ratio of scientific research institutions and returning a part to the research group can not only ensure the profit level of the direct research and promotion of achievements, but also provide a source of funds for the continued research and development of achievements; Explore a set of optimal management mode of affiliated enterprises of scientific research institutions with interest distribution as the core to promote their rapid development.
Feng Zhenmin and Hu (2006) believe that the current government policies and laws on the distribution of benefits from the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are relatively backward, and scientific research institutions rarely directly link the transformation of scientific and technological achievements with the distribution of benefits, which affects the enthusiasm of staff engaged in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. It is suggested that scientific research institutions can formulate various open preferential policies according to the policies of the state and local governments and the actual situation of their own units. Such as: try to increase the proportion of interests of scientific research workers and participants in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements; Scientific researchers who have scientific and technological achievements or are qualified to engage in scientific and technological consulting can leave their jobs with pay within a certain period of time and set up discipline companies and scientific and technological consulting companies related to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements; Capable researchers can work part-time in the unit where scientific and technological achievements are transformed while completing their own jobs; Linking the benefits of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements with the salaries, bonuses and welfare of scientific researchers and scientific and technological managers, the surplus funds of scientific researchers and teachers can be used as funds for them to start scientific and technological enterprises and invest in other scientific and technological achievements transformation companies, so as to expand their independent control.
From the above point of view, it can be seen that domestic scholars have the following suggestions on the distribution of benefits to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements: ① Linking the benefits of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements with the year-end assessment, professional title evaluation and promotion of scientific researchers. (2) Efforts should be made to increase the proportion of interests of researchers and participants in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. (3) Encourage scientific researchers with scientific and technological achievements to leave their posts with pay within a certain period of time and establish discipline companies related to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. (4) Encourage capable researchers to take part-time jobs in scientific and technological achievements transformation units while completing their own tasks.
(B) to establish an effective incentive mechanism for scientific and technological innovation talents
Domestic scholars generally agree with the way to motivate talents, that is, to combine material incentives with non-material incentives.
Cao (20 1 1) believes that certain scientific research achievements reflect the achievements of the staff involved in scientific and technological transformation, and their contributions should not only be recognized and respected by the society, but also be rewarded. If we only pay attention to spiritual rewards but not material incentives, the transformation of scientific and technological achievements will lose momentum. It is suggested to set up a special scientific research award fund to provide relevant material guarantee for scientific research activities as much as possible. Fan Daosheng (1997) also put forward a similar suggestion, arguing that the establishment of a promotion award for scientific and technological achievements by the state and the establishment of corresponding promotion awards by various ministries, provinces and cities can guide the whole society to pay attention to and strengthen the promotion and application of scientific and technological achievements. The promotion award of scientific and technological achievements should mainly reward those who are directly engaged in the promotion, application, development and transformation of achievements. At the same time, the number and grade of scientific and technological achievements promotion awards and the economic and social benefits obtained will be taken as the main basis for the evaluation of scientific research institutes and the next round of scientific research projects, especially the cooperation with major national scientific and technological projects and engineering centers.
Yang Lanrong and others (2006) think that the incentive mechanism of scientific and technological talents is not perfect in the popularization and application of the achievements of award-winning projects. It is planned to divide scientific and technological talents in scientific research institutes and universities into R&D talents and extension talents, and establish a multi-level and all-round incentive system. Implement the incentive management mode of "basic income+risk income" for R&D talents, let them participate in the profit distribution of enterprises, protect the interests of R&D talents and stimulate their attention to market demand; For promoting talents, the incentive management mode of "basic income+commission+job consumption" is adopted to improve the enthusiasm of promoting talents.
Wanhua (2003) pointed out that in order to industrialize scientific and technological achievements, there are two kinds of incentives for scientific and technological innovation talents: one is property right incentives, that is, scientific and technological achievements are transformed into systems, their capabilities and contributions are quantified, and technology shares are used to give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of scientific and technological innovation talents and accelerate the incubation of achievements. The other is option incentive, which gives scientific and technological innovation talents options (or virtual options) incentives according to the contribution of future practical work, so as to better attract and retain outstanding talents and reduce job-hopping of outstanding talents.
(3) Improve the technology market and build a good platform for strengthening the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
According to the incentive theory, market forces are the source of power for the production and transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces (Xiao Longjie, Chen Aijiang, 2007), but market incentives depend on the benign operation of the technology market. Therefore, scholars have given their own views on how to improve the technology market.
Zhao Zhengzhou and (20 12) believe that the development of China's technology market is very immature, which makes the information supply and demand transmission channel for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements not established or improved. In accordance with the principle of "scientific, efficient, open and * * *", establish and improve the national or regional technology market information exchange platform, and promote the timely, accurate and efficient circulation of scientific and technological achievements and technical information. According to the attributes, conditions and procedures of independent legal persons, establish and improve national or regional technology market intermediary service organizations, and strengthen the functions and functions of technology market intermediary service organizations.
You et al. (2004), from the perspective of Industry-University-Research cooperation, think that enterprises or research institutions can establish technology markets within established enterprises through science and technology achievement incubators, enterprise technology (scientific research) centers, school-run science and technology industries, institute-run science and technology industries, or joint-stock cooperative enterprises linked by property rights, so as to promote the integration of capital and technology resources and reduce the transaction cost of science and technology achievements around the effective needs of all parties.
(4) Innovating the management system to provide a strong guarantee for strengthening the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
Because the incentive function of market mechanism is limited, it is necessary to play a macro-control role with the help of government behavior to protect the "altruistic" motivation of people who transform scientific and technological achievements. There are mainly the following views on how to provide a good external environment for the transformation of results.
Viewpoint 1: establish and improve the evaluation and assessment system that is conducive to the transformation of results. He Xianmei and others (20 10) believe that there is a deviation in China's science and technology evaluation system, and taking undertaking major national plans, winning national awards and SCI papers as important indicators for evaluating teachers often puts teachers engaged in applied research at a disadvantage, which greatly affects the enthusiasm of outstanding researchers to realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. It is suggested that teachers of different natures should be given classified guidance: teachers engaged in basic research should assess the publication and citation of their papers; Teachers engaged in technology research and development should focus on evaluating the industrialization application of their projects and achievements, and tilt towards teachers in the distribution of benefits after industrialization of achievements.
Viewpoint 2: Formulate financial incentive policies conducive to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Liu Qiang and others (1998) believe that there is a common problem in the transformation of results at present, that is, enterprises are short-sighted and afraid of investment failure and are unwilling to participate in the incubation of results too early. Therefore, governments at all levels should increase investment in science and technology, and effectively formulate financial incentive policies conducive to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, such as preferential interest rates for enterprises to invest in research and development, tax relief and tax refund for industrialized high-tech products, etc.
Viewpoint 3: Strengthen intellectual property protection. Li Guo (20 10) believes that intellectual property protection is an important way for enterprises to win in international competition, but at present, the awareness of intellectual property rights of researchers is generally weak. Therefore, we should strengthen the training and publicity of intellectual property laws and regulations, improve the intellectual property awareness of leaders, managers and researchers, at the same time, strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights, strictly enforce the patent law, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and patentees. Jun Chen (2005) also pointed out that there is a considerable gap between China and developed countries in the level of intellectual property protection, especially the level of patent protection. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the deficiencies of China's intellectual property legal system and make legislative improvements in the ownership of the original owner of service inventions, the qualifications of patent applicants, the benefits of scientific and technological transformation, the right to receive remuneration, and the sharing of technology.
Viewpoint 4: Promoting Industry-University-Research's cooperation. Zhou Yuling (2007) believes that our government should learn from the experience of developed countries and encourage cooperation between universities and enterprises. The government should strengthen the organization and management functions, bridge the gap between universities and enterprises, learn from the experience of developed countries, and establish an operating mechanism of "government support, relying on universities, market mechanism and enterprise operation" to closely and effectively link the government, enterprises and universities, and effectively promote the interactive link between politics and Industry-University-Research.